APUSH Period 4 Mega Deck
APUSH Period 4 1800-1848
Jeffersonian Republic (Democratic-Republicans)
Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in electoral votes
Federalist-led House of Representatives selected Jefferson as President
Peaceful transition of power from one party to the next
Reversal of Federalist Policies
Pardoned editors convicted under Sedition Act
New naturalization law (1802) - return to 5 year requirement for citizenship
Repealed Hamilton's excise taxes
Reduced the national debt
Reduced the standing army
Ended graduated property tax
Emphasized state's rights
Encouraged development of agrarian nation
Appointed Democratic-Republicans to office
Kept Many Federalist Ideas
Retained most Federalist employees
Kept most of Hamilton's financial plan
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson purchased the territory from France for $15 million
Doubled the size of the United States
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Federalist Opposition to Louisiana Purchase
Used "strict construction" argument
Worried that new western lands would be loyal to the Republicans
Judiciary Act 1801
Created 16 new judge positions
"Midnight Judges" appointed by Adams on his last day in office
Repealed in 1802
John Marshall
Key Historical Chief Justice
Served for 34 years on the Supreme Court
Decisions greatly increased power of the federal government
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established judicial review
Supreme Court can review laws of Congress and determine their constitutionality
Impeachment of Samuel Chase
Congressional Republicans wanted to remove Federalist judge Samuel Chase
Impeachment charges brought against him in 1804
Senate failed to convict
First Barbary War
Jefferson refused to pay pirates and sent a small fleet to Mediterranean
Helped U.S. gain some international respect
Problems with Britain & France
Napoleonic Wars dominated the politics of Europe
British Impressment
Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807)
Embargo Act 1807
Jefferson's attempt to keep U.S. neutral by cutting off trade to Europe
Forbade export of all goods from the US to any destination
Disastrous to the economy and repealed in 1809
James Madison's Administration
War of 1812
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
Invasion of Canada
Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814)
Ended the War of 1812
Death of the Federalist Party
Hartford Convention
New England states urged Constitutional Amendments and threatened to secede
Henry Clay's American System
Bank of the US
Internal Improvements
Tariff of 1816
The Era of Good Feelings 1817-1825
James Monroe
Continuation of "Virginia Dynasty"
Presidency dubbed the "Era of Good Feelings"
Panic of 1819
Major financial panic with widespread foreclosures and bank failures
Causes: overspeculation, inflation, negative balance of trade, "wildcat banks"
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Tallmadge Amendment (1819)
Rep. James Tallmadge introduced amendment on Missouri's statehood
No more slaves could be brought to Missouri
Gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there
South viewed this as serious threat to sectional balance and amendment was defeated
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
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Foreign Policy
Rush Bagot Treaty- demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain
Treaty of 1818- shared fishing rights off coast of Newfoundland; joint occupation of Oregon Territory
Adams Onis Treaty- Ceded Florida to the United States
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Monroe Doctrine
Europe should not interfere in the Americas
Declared to Europe: "No new colonies"
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Was it the Era of Good Feelings?
One Party
Nationalism
Boundary Disputes are Settled
Missouri Compromise
Corrupt Bargain
American System
Panic of 1819
Tariff of 1816
Sectionalism
YES???? NO????
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Age of Jackson
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Founded the Democratic Party; Jacksonian Democracy
Favored an agrarian economy, ending the national bank, lowering tariffs, and increasing the political power of the "common man"
Supported states' rights and federal restraint in social affairs.
Political
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Political (cont...)
President Jackson = Old Hickory
Spoils System: gives government civil service jobs to supporters, friends and relatives as a reward
Peggy Eaton Affair (Petticoat Affair) 1829-1831
Secretary of War John Eaton and his wife Peggy v. Washington Elite
"Kitchen Cabinet"
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Economics
Tariff of 1828 - "Tariff of Abominations"; unconstitutional per South Carolina
Nullification Crisis
Jackson's "Force" bill
Compromise tariff was reached
Bank War
Jackson vs. Nicholas Biddle (last president of the bank)
Vetoed Bank charter and transferred funds to "pet banks"; Specie Circular - Exec. order that all purchases of federal lands must me made in gold & silver (led to Panic of 1837)
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Economics (cont...)
Charles River Bridge Decision
Maysville Road Veto
Panic of 1837
Treasury Bill of 1840 "Divorce Bill"
Specie Circular
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Social
Indian Removal Act 1830
Led to Supreme Court rulings in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831; Worcester v. Georgia 1832
Trail of Tears
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Conflicts with Native Americans
Black Hawk War- Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk Tribe led a rebellion against U.S. in Illinois/Wisconsin Territory
Second Seminole War- Conflict between Seminole Tribe and U.S. in Florida (Seminoles forced to move West)
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Reform Movements
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Second Great Awakening. 1790- 1850
75% of Americans attended church regularly
Liberal thinking challenged traditional views
Deism
Unitarianism
Revivalism - "camp meetings"
Peter Cartwright
Charles Grandison Finney
"Burned Over District"
Mormons
Impact
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Camp Meeting
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Utopian Communities
New Harmony
Brook Farm
Oneida Community
Shakers
Amana Community
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Temperance
American Temperance Society
Maine Law of 1851
Neal S. Dow
Results
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Women's Rights
Impact of Industrial Revolution
Republican Motherhood
Cult of Domesticity
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Susan B. Anthony
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Lucy Stone
Seneca Falls Convention
Gains for Women
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Education
Horace Mann
Noah Webster
William H McGuffey
Higher Education
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Other Reforms
Dorothea Dix
Prison Reforms
Transcendentalism In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men."
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Changing American Family
Women increasingly challenged inferior status
Cult of Domesticity
Catherine Beecher
Changes in Family
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Market Revolution
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Demographic Changes
By 1860, 33 states
Population doubled every 25 years
13% were foreign born
43 cities with 20,000+ inhabitants
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What was the Market Revolution?
1800-1840s
Gradual transformation:
People living in rural areas and working as farmers to living in cities, working in factories and buying goods.
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Market Revolution Areas of Change
Industrial Revolution
Transportation Revolution
Change - Subsistence to Cash Crop Farming
Creation of national market economy
Regional Specialization
Immigration (English, IRISH, German)
Westward Movement
Growth of Cities
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In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the "putting out" system
By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions
Early Industrialization
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Industrial Revolution
Inventions and Innovations
Samuel Slater - Spinning Jenny
Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin (1793), Interchangeable Parts
Elias Howe - Sewing Machine (improved by Isaac Singer)
Samuel Morse - Telegraph
Charles Goodyear - Vulcanized Rubber
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Samuel Slater ("Father of the Factory System") Spinning Jenny
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Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin, 1793
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Eli Whitney's Other Critical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts
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Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 - Telegraph
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Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine
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Cyrus Field's Transatlantic Cable, 1858
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Lowell System
Embargo Act (1807) decreased imports
1814 - Francis Cabot Lowell - 1st dual-purpose textile plant in Waltham, MA
Significance - work moved from the home to the factory
1823 new plant built in Lowell, MA
Lowell Girls
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The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell's town - 1814
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MAP 12.3 Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832 This town plan of Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832, illustrates the comprehensive relationship the owners envisaged between the factories and the workforce. The mills are located on the Merrimack River, while nearby are the boarding houses for the single young female workers, row houses for the male mechanics and their families, and houses for the overseers. Somewhat farther away is the mansion of the company agent.
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Lowell Mill
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The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell's town - 1814 Lowell Boarding Houses
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Early Textile Loom
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Lowell Mills Time Table
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Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
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New England Textile Centers: 1830s
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New England Dominance in Textiles
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Why Was New England the Center?
Rocky soil
Labor
Shipping
Rivers
Slavery
Poor Consumers
Why Not the South?
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By 1850, industrial output exceeded agricultural output!
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Northern Workers
Transformed working conditions
Women and children
Gains for workers
Commonwealth v.
Page 94: Erie Canal "Clinton's Big Ditch"
363 miles long
Completed in 1825
Links East Coast to the Great Lakes and trade in the Northwest
Funded entirely by New York State
Page 96: The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Page 97: An 1827 engraving designed to show the feasibility of railroads driven by steam powered locomotives
Engraving dedicated to the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Placed passengers far from the locomotive for safety
Page 98: The "Iron Horse" Wins! (1830)
1830: 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR
By 1850: 9000 miles of RR track
By 1860: 31,000 miles of RR track
Page 99: Railroad Expansion by 1860
Immigrant labor built railroads in the North
Slave labor built railroads in the South
Page 101: Regional Specialization
East: Industrial
South: Cotton & Slavery
West: The Nation's "Breadbasket"
Page 102: American Population Centers in 1860
Page 103: Results of Industrialization
Division of Labor
Growth of Cities
Increased gap between rich