lab midterm

  1. Lab Safety

    1. PPE gloves, coat, goggles

    2. Follow all safety guideline for novice student to graduated students to professors

    3. Fire drill- always turn off and unplug hot plate

  2. Metric System 

    1. Units (g, m, l)

    2. Function of tare-zero out the mass of the weigh boar

    3. Graduated cylinder-meniscus read at eye level

    4. A graduated cylinder is designed for more accurate and precise volume measurements than breakers which are approximations

    5. H2O-universal solvent

      1. Water freezes at 32 ℉

      2. Water boils at 212℉

  3. Scientific Method

    1. Hypothesis

    2. Control and variable


  1.  pH-

  2. pH scale 1-14

  3. What is an acid? An acid is a substance that donates H+

  4. What is a base? A base is a substance that accepts H-

  5. What is a buffer system? 

  6. What is bromocresol purple?Bromocresol purple (BCP) is a dye and pH indicator that changes color based on the acidity of the solution. It appears yellow below pH 5.2 and violet above pH 6.8

  7. What is the function of the mortar and pestle? 

  8. What is the function of the choice chamber? To test the preferences of small organisms in different environmental conditions

  9. What does a benedict’s reagent test for? Simple sugars (Needed a water bath to complete rxn)

    1. What is a positive/negative result? Green to red-orange color change

  10.  What is the iodine test for? Complex Sugars 

    1. What is a positive/negative result? Blue-Black Color

  11.  What does the biuret test for? Protein

    1. What is a positive/negative result? Purple 

  12.  What is the sudan test for? Lipids

    1. What is a positive/negative result? Red stain on filter paper

  13.  Plant Model #16, #3, #2, #10, #5

  14. Animal Model #6, #7, #12, #10, #1

  15. How to carry the microscope?By the arm with one hand and supporting the base with the other hand.

  16. Parts/Function of the microscope

    1. Fine Adjustment Knob

    2. Coarse Adjustment

  17. Total magnification for low, medium, high

    1. 10 (ocular lens) x 4x (low power)= 40X 

    2. 10 (ocular lens)  X 10X (med power) 100X 

    3. 10X  X 1

  18. Methylene blue stain’s function-To increase the visibility of transparent cells and structures by staining the nucleus and other cellular components


  1. Wet mount-onion cells- cell wall and nucleus

  2. Wet mount- elodea leaf-chloroplast

  3. Microscope slide letter “e” inverted image

  4. Microscope slide colored threads- fine focus to sharpen image

  5. Wet mount-yogurt- live bacteria


  1. Diffusion lab-Diffusion is the process by which molecules or particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the natural kinetic energy of the molecules. This movement continues until equilibrium is reached, where the molecules are evenly distributed throughout the space.


  1. Dialysis tubing-simulates the selective permeability of biological membranes and facilitate the diffusion of solutes

  2. Concentration gradient from high to low concentration

  3. Outcome of the 1M NaOH to phenolphthalein-pink color change

  4. Outcome of scratch to iodine-blue-black color change


  1. Osmosis-Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration


  1. Hypertonic- water left the dialysis bag

  2. Hypotonic- water entered the dialysis bag

Isotonic- water entering and leaving the dialysis bag equilibrium