socio chapter 18-20 card
What is collective behavior?
When a group of people act together suddenly without planning due to a particular event.
What is institutionalized behavior?
Actions that follow set patterns with clear goals and rules, typically within communities.
What is preconditioned behavior structural conduciveness?
How a society is set up to make certain group behaviors possible (e.g., no racism in a racially homogeneous country).
What is preconditioned behavior structural strain?
Problems or conflicts in a society that cause stress or frustration, leading to group actions.
What are preconditioned behavior generalized beliefs?
When people agree on what the problem is and why it matters.
What are preconditioned behavior participating factors?
Events that spark a strong group reaction.
What is preconditioned behavior mobilization of action?
When people are urged to join a movement or group effort.
What is preconditioned behavior operation of societal control?
When media, government, or other groups try to manage or stop group actions.
What are preconditioned behavior repressive measures?
Actions like banning gatherings or controlling group behavior.
What are the preconditioned behavior roles of the police?
Using police to manage and control group actions.
What is preconditioned behavior hidden repression?
Subtle or secret control of group behavior.
What is preconditioned behavior social control through amelioration?
Making policies to address the problems causing group actions.
What are the characteristics of a crowd?
A group of people who are together and focused on the same thing.
What is a spatially proximate collective?
A group of people who are close together and can see each other.
What is a crowd?
A group of people who are together and focused on the same thing.
What are casual crowds?
A group that is anonymous and not very emotional, like people at a bus stop.
What are conventional crowds?
A group that follows rules and shares common interests, like fans at a sports game.
What are expressive crowds?
A group gathering to express emotion, like concerts or rallies.
What are acting crowds?
A group driven by strong emotion, which can become aggressive or dangerous, like a protest.
What are mobs?
Highly emotional groups ready to act violently.
What is a riot?
Group action, typically chaotic and violent.
What is the classical perspective of crowds?
The idea that people in a crowd lose self-control and act on impulses rather than thinking carefully.
Here are your definitions turned into questions with the answers below each one:
What is the perspective of crowds?
The idea that people and crowds influence each other's actions and emotions.
What are the types of circular reactions in a crowd?
Milling: People in a crowd move around aimlessly and start focusing on each other, becoming more emotional.
Collective excitement: In crowds, energy/emotions peak during milling.
Social contagion: When the crowd's behavior spreads and makes others act the same way.
What is the emergent norm perspective about crowds?
The idea that new rules or norms develop in a crowd and guide how people behave.
What is the game perspective in a crowd?
The idea that people in a crowd think about their actions and try to behave in a way that will bring them rewards.
What is a spatially diffuse collective?
A group of people spread out over a large area.
What is a mass?
A large group of people who are spread out but focus on the same event or idea, like Coachella or a fair.
What is a fad?
A short-lived popular trend or behavior that lacks depth.
What is fashion?
A style or behavior that is more lasting and comes back in cycles.
What is less hysteria?
A widespread, intense fear about a potential threat.
What is panic?
A sudden, intense reaction to escape from a perceived danger.
What is a public?
A group of people who face issues, disagree on how to handle them, and discuss it.
What is public opinion?
The view held by a large number of people in a population.
What is propaganda?
Information spread to influence people's opinions, often biased or false.
What is censorship?
The prevention of certain information from being available to the public.
What is social unrest?
The early stage of a social movement with disorganized and restless activity.
What is popular excitement?
When societal unrest becomes visible and like-minded people start to organize.
What is demography and the study of population?
Sociologists examine birth rates, migration patterns, and aging populations to understand societal changes like urbanization.
What is collecting the data in demography?
Governments conduct censuses (e.g., the U.S. Census) every ten years to track population size and demographics.
What is fertility?
High fertility rates in countries like Niger contribute to rapid population growth, while lower rates in Japan lead to aging populations.
What is mortality?
Advances in healthcare have reduced mortality rates worldwide, increasing life expectancy.
What is migration?
Economic opportunities drive rural-to-urban migration in developing countries, while political conflicts can cause large-scale refugee movements.
What are population trends and life experiences?
Population aging in Europe affects pensions and healthcare, while high youth populations in Africa influence education and job markets.
What is the world population explosion and the demographic transition?
Industrialization in Europe led to declining death rates and, later, lower birth rates, stabilizing population growth.
What is population density?
Cities like Tokyo have high population density, creating housing shortages, while rural areas may face underpopulation.
What is population and ecology?
Overpopulation can lead to deforestation and loss of biodiversity, as seen in the Amazon rainforest.
What is Malthus’s theory of population?
Critics note that agricultural advances (e.g., the Green Revolution) have prevented the food shortages Malthus predicted.
What is world food distribution today?
While global food production is sufficient, unequal distribution leaves regions like Sub-Saharan Africa facing hunger.
What is population and other natural resources?
Overuse of water resources in regions like California highlights the strain population growth can place on ecosystems.
What are political policies regarding population?
China’s one-child policy aimed to control population growth but led to long-term demographic challenges, like an aging workforce.
What is a census?
An official count of the number of people in a given area.
What are vital statistics?
Records of all births, deaths and their causes, marriages, divorces, and certain diseases in a society.
What is age-sex composition?
The number of men and women in the population, along with their ages.
What is fecundity?
A woman’s potential for bearing children.
What is the age-adjusted death rate?
The number of deaths occurring at each age, for each sex, per 100,000.
What is immigration?
Movement of people into an area.
What is emigration?
Movement of people out of an area.
What are push factors?
Natural or social factors that cause people to move out of an area.
What are pull factors?
Natural or social factors that cause people to move into an area.
What is demographic transition?
The change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates with a period of rapid population growth in between, occurring as a society evolves from a traditional pre-modern stage to a modern industrial stage.
What is food insecurity?
The lack of access to sufficient amounts of safe, nutritious food.
What is the origin and development of communities?
How human settlements formed and grew, often near rivers for farming.
What is early community and urban development?
The initial growth of towns and cities, such as Mesopotamian cities like Ur.
Here are your definitions turned into questions, with answers provided beneath each one:
What are preindustrial urban communities?
Cities before industrialization, focused on trade and religion, such as medieval European towns.
What is community development in the industrial era?
Urban expansion driven by factories and jobs, like 19th-century Manchester.
What is developing world urbanization?
Rapid city growth in poorer nations, exemplified by slums in Lagos.
What is urbanization in the United States?
Growth of U.S. cities due to migration and industrialization, such as New York during the late 1800s.
What are population trends?
Shifts in where people live, such as suburbanization after World War II.
What is the metropolitan community?
Large urban areas including cities and surrounding suburbs, like the Los Angeles metro area.
What is urban ecology?
How cities and populations interact with their environment, such as green spaces improving air quality.
What are urban processes?
Changes in cities, such as gentrification or sprawl, seen in revitalized neighborhoods.
What is urban structure?
The layout and organization of a city, like downtown as a business hub.
What are life differences between cities and suburbs?
City life is fast-paced and diverse, like living in Manhattan. Suburban life is quieter and family-focused, like living in a New Jersey suburb.
What are urban problems?
Issues like crime, poverty, and traffic, such as homelessness in major cities.
What is urban rejuvenation?
Efforts to improve urban areas.
What is downtown revitalization?
Restoring city centers, such as Detroit’s redevelopment projects.
What is urban renewal?
Replacing old buildings with modern infrastructure, like rebuilding after disasters.
What is urban planning?
Designing cities for better living, such as creating walkable neighborhoods.
What is diversity of values in urban development?
Balancing different priorities in urban development, like economic growth vs. historic preservation.
What are horticultural communities?
Small-scale farming that relies on tools such as the hoe to till the soil.
What is urbanization?
The growth of the number of people who live in urban areas and the process of adopting urban organizational patterns and lifestyles.
What is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA)?
A county or group of counties with a central city and a population of at least 50,000, with a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile, and outlying areas that are socially and economically integrated with the central city.
What is a megalopolis?
A continuous strip of urban and suburban development that may stretch for hundreds of miles.
What is urban ecology?
The study of the interrelationships between people in urban settings and the social and physical environment in which they live.
What is concentration in urban ecology?
An urban ecological process in which population, services, and institutions come to be gathered most densely in areas with advantageous conditions.
What is deconcentration?
Movement outward from the city due to increases in land values, taxes, and declines in services and public facilities.
What is invasion in urban ecology?
An ecological process in which new types of people, organizations, or activities move into an area occupied by a different type.
What is succession in urban ecology?
An urban process of replacing old occupants and institutions with new ones.
What is the concentric zone model?
A model of urban structure showing that cities grow out equally in all directions from their original centers, producing uniform circles of growth with their own distinctive land use, population, activities, and institutions.
What is the sector model?
An explanation of city ecology as a series of pie-shaped wedges radiating from the central business district, each with its own characteristics and uses.
What is the multiple-nuclei model?
A model showing that cities have areas of different types of land use, each with its own center or nucleus.
What is Gemeinschaft?
A traditional community characterized by a sense of solidarity and common identity, emphasizing intimate and personal relationships.
What is Gesellschaft?
A modern community characterized by individualism, mobility, and impersonality, with an emphasis on progress rather than tradition.
What is a folk society?
A community described by Redfield as small, isolated, homogenous, and kin-oriented.
What are suburbs?
Communities that surround a central city and are dependent on it.
What is the conversion effect?
A radical shift of interests and lifestyle that occurs when people move.
What is a majority minority?
A population in which several racial minorities combined make up the majority.
What are slums?
Overcrowded streets or sections of a city marked by poverty and poor living conditions.
What is a ghetto?
An area in a city in which members of a racial or ethnic minority are forcibly segregated.
What is urban homesteading?
A federal plan in which abandoned and foreclosed homes are sold to private families at low prices if they agree to live in the house and bring it up to code standards.
What is gentrification?
The rejuvenation of urban neighborhoods by middle-class people who move in and repair run-down houses.
What is a greenbelt?
An area surrounding cities that is preserved for farming and recreation, limiting urban growth.