Biology.
🧬 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 — MEGA TEST
COMPLETE SOLVED VERSION
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SECTION A — MCQs
30 × 1 = 30 marks
1. According to the International Catalogue of Life, approximately how many species are estimated to exist on Earth?
Answer: b) 2.3 million
2. Which element is common in both humans and soil?
Answer: c) Oxygen
3. Plants obtain many of the elements needed by humans from:
Answer: b) Soil
4. After humans die, many elements present in their bodies eventually:
Answer: b) Return to the soil
5. Botany is the study of:
Answer: b) Plants
6. Zoology is the scientific study of:
Answer: b) Animals
7. Microorganisms are organisms that:
Answer: b) Are too small to be seen with the naked eye
8. Cytology is also known as:
Answer: b) Cell biology
9. Which branch studies the development of an organism from a fertilized egg?
Answer: a) Embryology
10. Genetics deals mainly with:
Answer: b) Genes and heredity
11. DNA structure and the arrangement of its base pairs are studied in:
Answer: a) Molecular Biology
12. Pathology is concerned with:
Answer: a) Diseases
13. Anatomy primarily studies:
Answer: b) Internal structure
14. Histology is the study of:
Answer: b) Tissues
15. The study of external features such as body shape, size and colour is:
Answer: b) Morphology
16. Immunology deals with:
Answer: a) Immune system
17. Marine Biology is the study of:
Answer: b) Life in oceans
18. Ecology studies:
Answer: c) Interactions between organisms and their environment
19. Which is a biotic factor?
Answer: c) Bamboo
20. Which is an abiotic factor?
Answer: c) Temperature
21. Mycology is the study of:
Answer: b) Fungi
22. Physiology studies:
Answer: a) Functions of living organisms and their parts
23. Taxonomy is concerned with:
Answer: a) Classification of organisms
24. Palaeontology is the study of:
Answer: b) Fossils
25. Pharmacology is the study of:
Answer: a) Drugs
26. Biophysics applies:
Answer: b) Physical principles to biological problems
27. Biochemistry studies:
Answer: a) Chemical processes and interactions in living systems
28. Computational Biology uses:
Answer: a) Computers and mathematics
29. Biogeography studies:
Answer: b) Geographic distribution of organisms
30. Producing insulin using bacteria is an example of:
Answer: a) Biotechnology
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SECTION B — FILL IN THE BLANKS
25 × 1 = 25 marks
31. Biology is the study of __________.
Answer: all living things
32. The scientific study of plants is called __________.
Answer: Botany
33. The scientific study of animals is called __________.
Answer: Zoology
34. The study of microorganisms is called __________.
Answer: Microbiology
35. The study of cells is called __________.
Answer: Cytology
36. The study of tissues is called __________.
Answer: Histology
37. The study of genes and heredity is called __________.
Answer: Genetics
38. The study of the immune system is called __________.
Answer: Immunology
39. The study of diseases is called __________.
Answer: Pathology
40. The study of internal structure is called __________.
Answer: Anatomy
41. The study of external form and structure is called __________.
Answer: Morphology
42. The study of life in oceans is called __________.
Answer: Marine Biology
43. The study of interactions between organisms and their environment is called __________.
Answer: Ecology
44. The study of fungi is called __________.
Answer: Mycology
45. The study of functions of living things is called __________.
Answer: Physiology
46. The study of classification of organisms is called __________.
Answer: Taxonomy
47. The study of fossils is called __________.
Answer: Palaeontology
48. The study of drugs is called __________.
Answer: Pharmacology
49. The application of physical principles to biological problems is called __________.
Answer: Biophysics
50. The study of chemical composition and processes in living systems is called __________.
Answer: Biochemistry
51. The use of computers and mathematics to study living things is called __________.
Answer: Computational Biology
52. The study of geographic distribution of organisms is called __________.
Answer: Biogeography
53. The application of statistical methods to biological data is called __________.
Answer: Biostatistics
54. The use of living organisms or their processes to develop useful products is called __________.
Answer: Biotechnology
55. The study combining biology and economics is called __________.
Answer: Bioeconomics
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SECTION C — TRUE OR FALSE
20 × 1 = 20 marks
56. Botany studies animals.
Answer: False
57. Zoology includes the study of animal behaviour.
Answer: True
58. Microorganisms can always be seen with the naked eye.
Answer: False
59. Cytology studies cells.
Answer: True
60. Embryology studies organismal development.
Answer: True
61. Genetics studies inheritance from parents to offspring.
Answer: True
62. Molecular biology can involve studying DNA.
Answer: True
63. Pathology studies diseases.
Answer: True
64. Anatomy mainly focuses on internal structure.
Answer: True
65. Morphology studies external features.
Answer: True
66. Immunology studies the immune system.
Answer: True
67. Ecology only studies non-living things.
Answer: False
68. Temperature is an abiotic factor.
Answer: True
69. Bamboo is a biotic factor.
Answer: True
70. Mycology is the study of fungi.
Answer: True
71. Taxonomy involves classification.
Answer: True
72. Palaeontology studies fossils.
Answer: True
73. Pharmacology studies drugs.
Answer: True
74. Biogeography studies geographic distribution of organisms.
Answer: True
75. Biotechnology can involve using bacteria to produce insulin.
Answer: True
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SECTION D — MATCHING
20 × 1 = 20 marks
Match each field with its correct description.
76. Cytology
Answer: C — Study of cells
77. Embryology
Answer: P — Study of biological development
78. Genetics
Answer: E — Study of genes and heredity
79. Molecular Biology
Answer: T — Study of molecules in living organisms
80. Pathology
Answer: Q — Study of diseases
81. Anatomy
Answer: G — Study of internal structure
82. Histology
Answer: A — Study of tissues
83. Morphology
Answer: L — Study of external form and structure
84. Immunology
Answer: H — Study of immune system
85. Marine Biology
Answer: J — Study of life in oceans
86. Ecology
Answer: R — Study of interactions between organisms and environment
87. Physiology
Answer: I — Study of functions of living things
88. Taxonomy
Answer: K — Study of classification
89. Palaeontology
Answer: B — Study of fossils
90. Pharmacology
Answer: D — Study of drugs
91. Biophysics
Answer: M — Application of physical principles to biology
92. Biochemistry
Answer: N — Study of chemical processes in living systems
93. Computational Biology
Answer: O — Use of computers and mathematics in biology
94. Biogeography
Answer: F — Study of geographic distribution
95. Biostatistics
Answer: S — Application of statistics to biological data
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SECTION E — VERY SHORT QUESTIONS
15 × 2 = 30 marks
96. What is Biology?
Answer: Biology is the branch of science that studies living organisms and life. It includes the study of organisms ranging from tiny microorganisms such as bacteria to large organisms such as whales.
97. What is the significance of the estimated 2.3 million species?
Answer: The estimated 2.3 million species shows the enormous diversity of life on Earth. It demonstrates that Earth contains a very large variety of living organisms that can be studied and classified by biologists.
98. What connection between humans and Earth is explained through the elements found in soil and humans?
Answer: Humans and the Earth share many of the same elements, showing that humans are closely connected to the Earth. Plants obtain many of these elements from soil, and humans obtain them by consuming plants or animals.
99. Name six elements common in humans and soil.
Answer: Six elements common in humans and soil are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium.
100. Explain the cycle of elements between soil, plants and humans.
Answer: Plants absorb elements from the soil, and humans obtain these elements by eating plants or animals that have eaten plants. When organisms die and decompose, many of their elements return to the soil, where they can again be taken up by plants.
101. What does Botany study?
Answer: Botany is the scientific study of plants. It includes areas such as plant structure, growth, reproduction, and classification.
102. What does Zoology study?
Answer: Zoology is the scientific study of animals. It includes areas such as animal structure, growth, reproduction, behaviour, and interactions.
103. What does Microbiology study?
Answer: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. These are organisms that are generally too small to be seen with the naked eye.
104. Define Cytology.
Answer: Cytology, also called cell biology, is the scientific study of cells. It can include studying cell structure, function, and development.
105. Define Genetics.
Answer: Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes and heredity. It explains how characteristics are inherited from parents to offspring.
106. Define Anatomy.
Answer: Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned mainly with the internal structure and arrangement of organisms and their parts.
107. Define Morphology.
Answer: Morphology is the study of the form and structure of organisms, particularly their external features such as shape, size, and colour.
108. Define Ecology.
Answer: Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It includes interactions among living organisms and between organisms and non-living environmental factors.
109. Define Mycology.
Answer: Mycology is the branch of biology that studies fungi. It can include their structure, growth, reproduction, and uses.
110. Define Biotechnology.
Answer: Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their biological processes to develop useful products and technologies. For example, bacteria can be used to produce insulin.
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SECTION F — SCIENTIFIC METHOD
20 × 2 = 40 marks
111. What is the scientific method?
Answer: The scientific method is a systematic approach used by scientists to investigate questions, solve problems, understand natural phenomena, and develop explanations based on evidence.
112. What is recognition in the scientific method?
Answer: Recognition is the step in which a scientist identifies a problem, question, or phenomenon that needs to be investigated or explained.
113. What is observation?
Answer: Observation is the process of carefully examining a phenomenon and collecting information about it. Observations may be qualitative or quantitative.
114. What is qualitative observation?
Answer: Qualitative observation describes qualities or characteristics that are not expressed mainly as numerical measurements. Examples include colour, texture, shape, or the presence of a rash.
115. What is quantitative observation?
Answer: Quantitative observation involves collecting numerical or measurable information. Examples include temperature, weight, height, time, or the number of organisms.
116. Give one example of a qualitative observation in a dengue patient.
Answer: A dengue patient has developed a red rash on the skin. The appearance and colour of the rash are qualitative observations.
117. Give one example of a quantitative observation in a dengue patient.
Answer: A dengue patient's body temperature is measured as 39°C. This is quantitative because it is a numerical measurement.
118. Why are both qualitative and quantitative observations important?
Answer: Quantitative observations provide numerical measurements that can be compared and analyzed, while qualitative observations describe characteristics and details that numbers alone may not show. Both types provide useful information about a phenomenon.
119. What is a hypothesis?
Answer: A hypothesis is a logical, clear, and testable statement that provides a possible explanation for an observation or problem.
120. State four characteristics of a good hypothesis.
Answer: A good hypothesis should be clear, concise, testable, and capable of being proven wrong.
121. What is deduction?
Answer: Deduction is the process of making a specific prediction based on a hypothesis, previous knowledge, or general information.
122. What type of reasoning uses if–then logic?
Answer: Deductive reasoning uses if–then logic to make predictions.
123. What is inductive reasoning?
Answer: Inductive reasoning involves using specific observations or examples to develop a broader or general conclusion or principle.
124. Differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Answer: Deductive reasoning moves from a general idea or principle to a specific prediction or conclusion. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a general conclusion or principle.
125. What is an experiment?
Answer: An experiment is a controlled investigation designed to test a hypothesis or prediction. Scientists manipulate or observe variables and collect data to determine what happens.
126. What is an independent variable?
Answer: The independent variable is the factor that the scientist deliberately changes or manipulates during an experiment. In the insect-repellent experiment, it is the use of insect repellent.
127. What is a dependent variable?
Answer: The dependent variable is the factor that is measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable. In the insect-repellent experiment, mosquito bites and dengue cases are dependent variables.
128. What is a control group?
Answer: A control group is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a basis for comparison with the experimental group.
129. What is an ep ppxperimental group?
Answer: An experimental group is the group that receives the treatment or condition being tested in an experiment.
130. Why do scientists compare control and experimental groups?
Answer: Scientists compare the groups to determine whether changes in the dependent variable are associated with the independent variable. The comparison helps rule out other possible causes of the results.
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SECTION G — SCIENTIFIC METHOD APPLICATION
10 × 3 = 30 marks
131. A biologist notices that people become sick with dengue after mosquito bites. Which step of the scientific method is this? Explain.
Answer: This is recognition. The biologist has identified a problem or possible relationship that needs to be investigated: whether mosquito bites are related to the transmission of dengue.
132. A scientist records a patient's temperature as 39°C. Is this qualitative or quantitative? Explain.
Answer: This is a quantitative observation because temperature is measured numerically. The value of 39°C provides measurable data.
133. A scientist notices that a dengue patient has a red rash. Is this qualitative or quantitative? Explain.
Answer: This is a qualitative observation because the scientist is describing a characteristic of the patient—the presence and colour of a rash—rather than recording a numerical measurement.
134. Write a suitable hypothesis for investigating whether insect repellent reduces dengue risk.
Answer: A suitable hypothesis is: If the use of insect repellent reduces mosquito bites, then people who use insect repellent will have fewer mosquito bites and fewer dengue cases than people who do not use it.
135. Using the hypothesis that mosquitoes transmit dengue, write an appropriate if–then deduction.
Answer: If mosquitoes transmit dengue virus, then reducing mosquito bites with insect repellent should reduce the number of dengue cases.
136. Identify the independent variable in the insect-repellent experiment.
Answer: The independent variable is the use of insect repellent—specifically whether the group receives the insect-repellent treatment.
137. Identify the dependent variables in the experiment.
Answer: The dependent variables are the number of mosquito bites and the number of dengue cases.
138. Why is the control group not sprayed with insect repellent?
Answer: The control group is not sprayed so that it provides a comparison with the experimental group. This allows scientists to determine whether any change in mosquito bites or dengue cases is associated with the insect repellent.
139. Why is changing only one variable at a time important in an experiment?
Answer: Changing only one variable makes it easier to determine what caused the observed change. If several variables are changed at the same time, scientists may not know which variable produced the result.
140. Why must scientists analyze and interpret experimental results before making a conclusion?
Answer: Scientists must analyze and interpret the results to determine what the collected evidence actually shows. This allows them to decide whether the evidence supports or does not support the hypothesis and helps prevent conclusions based only on assumptions.
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SECTION H — DATA ANALYSIS
20 marks as stated in the test
Given table:
Group| Time| Mosquito Bites| Dengue Cases
Control| Before| 13| 3
Control| After| 13| 3
Experimental| Before| 13| 3
Experimental| After| 5| 1
141. How many mosquito bites occurred in the control group before treatment? (1)
Answer: 13 mosquito bites.
142. How many mosquito bites occurred in the experimental group after treatment? (1)
Answer: 5 mosquito bites.
143. How many dengue cases occurred in the experimental group after treatment? (1)
Answer: 1 dengue case.
144. Did the control group's mosquito bites change? (2)
Answer: No. The control group had 13 mosquito bites before treatment and 13 mosquito bites after treatment, so there was no change.
145. Did the experimental group's mosquito bites decrease? By how many? (2)
Answer: Yes. The experimental group's mosquito bites decreased from 13 to 5.
13 − 5 = 8
Therefore, mosquito bites decreased by 8.
146. Did dengue cases decrease in the experimental group? By how many? (2)
Answer: Yes. Dengue cases decreased from 3 to 1.
3 − 1 = 2
Therefore, dengue cases decreased by 2 cases.
147. Which group received the insect repellent? (1)
Answer: The experimental group.
148. What was the independent variable? (2)
Answer: The independent variable was the use of insect repellent, because this was the treatment changed between the control and experimental groups.
149. What were the dependent variables? (2)
Answer: The dependent variables were:
1. Number of mosquito bites
2. Number of dengue cases
These were the outcomes measured after the treatment.
150. Based on the data, does the evidence support the hypothesis that insect repellent reduces mosquito bites and dengue cases? Explain using the data. (4)
Answer: Yes, the data support the hypothesis.
In the control group, mosquito bites remained unchanged at 13, and dengue cases remained at 3. In the experimental group, after the insect repellent was used, mosquito bites decreased from 13 to 5, which is a decrease of 8 bites. Dengue cases also decreased from 3 to 1, which is a decrease of 2 cases.
Therefore, the experimental group showed decreases in both mosquito bites and dengue cases while the control group results are still the same.