What are observations?

• Observations are research methods where a researcher observes the behaviour of a group or individuals to witness first-hand their social behaviours

• Involve developing an observation schedule of times to observe individuals

• Intensive research method that is usually preferred by interpretivist sociologists

Types of observations:

Observations can be:

• Participant- Where the researcher takes part in the actions of a group

• Non-participant- Where the observer is detached from the actions of the group

Additionally, both of these observations can be conducted:

• Overtly- With those being observed aware of the researcher’s presence

• Covertly- Without the knowledge of being observed

The usefulness of observations:

• Witness behaviour first-hand, including the interactions between individuals

• Observe people in the natural environment which increases the validity

• Observations are a good method of reaching hard-to-access groups, such as subcultures

• Can develop new knowledge outside of the existing knowledge base and lead to further research

Practical issues with observations:

• Getting access to groups- especially if covert

• Recording information- How will the researcher take notes or record activities?

• Maintaining a cover- In covert observations if people act suspiciously, it could endanger research

• Costly- Need to train, get additional qualifications, equipment

Ethical issues with observations:

• Deception- Covert observations require researchers to act as something other than a researcher

• Informed consent- Do people know they are being observed?

• Protection from harm- Researchers undercover with gangs might face threats and intimidation if uncovered

• Illegal and immoral activities- Witnessing activities provides sociologists with ethical dilemmas

Theoretical issues with observations:

• Reliability- Observations are difficult to replicate

• Lack of objectivity- Researchers can become attached to the group and lose objectivity

• Validity- Overt observations could suffer from the Hawthorne effect

• Less representative- Often used with small groups used with small groups that do not reflect wider society

Examples of observations:

• Keddie: Non-participant observations of schools to assess teacher attitudes toward students

• Winlow: Covert observation on night-time economy and connections to organised crime

• Ventakesh: Overt participant observation of drug-dealing gangs in Chicago