Metabolic Processes and Thermodynamics Notes

• Glycolysis: Glucose is converted to Pyruvic acid, producing 2 ATP.

• Krebs Cycle: Produces CO₂.

• Electron Transport System: Produces 36 ATP and H₂O.

• Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions transforming matter and energy in the cell. C6H1206 ,02 TO ATP.

• Metabolic Pathway: series of chemical reactions in living cells catalyzed by enzymes.

• Catabolism: Breaks down molecules, releasing energy.

• Anabolism: Uses energy to build molecules from smaller molecules.

• Food Intake: Complex carbs, proteins, triglycerides break down into glucose, amino acids, glycerol & fatty acids.

• Storage: Glucose as Glycogen, amino acids for protein synthesis, glycerol & fatty acids for lipid synthesis.

• Energy Release/Use: Catabolic reactions release ATP, anabolic reactions use ATP.

• Cannibalization: Muscle tissue breaks down during starvation to generate glucose.

• Fat Breakdown: Leads to weight loss.

• Thermodynamics: is the Study of heat transfer.

• 1st Law: Energy is conserved.

• 2nd Law: Entropy increases.

• Potential Energy: Stored in chemical bonds.

• Free Energy: Energy used to do work.

• Exergonic Reaction: Releases energy (catabolic).

• Endergonic Reaction: Requires energy (anabolic).

• Energy Coupling: Catabolic reactions power anabolic reactions, using ATP.

• ATP: Main energy source, nucleoside triphosphate; ATP \rightarrow ADP + Pi + ENERGY

• Coupled Reaction: Exergonic reactions make ATP, ATP powers endergonic reactions.

• Cellular respiration is the process where cells break down food to release energy and make ATP.

• Redox Reactions: Transfer electrons; LEO says GER (Lose Electron Oxidized, Gain Electron Reduced).

• Electron Carriers: NAD^+ \rightarrow NADH, FAD \rightarrow FADH_2

fad has lower potential than nad