Modern Ideologies (Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism)

Individualism (core principle): Humans are independent individuals with unique identities and equal moral worth. The system is morally neutral, allowing people to pursue their own idea of the “good” and develop freely.
Freedom (core value): Liberty is prioritized above equality, justice, and authority. Freedom exists “under the law,” meaning one person’s liberty cannot harm another’s. The goal is maximum liberty compatible with equal liberty for all.
Reason: Belief that the world is rational and humans can use reason and critical thinking to make good decisions. Strong faith in progress and the ability to resolve conflicts through debate.
Equality: All individuals are morally equal, with equal legal and political rights (“one person, one vote”). Supports equality of opportunity and meritocracy (talent + effort).
Toleration: Accepting differing views and lifestyles is essential. Diversity (moral, cultural, political) is seen as beneficial and enriching to society.
Consent: Government authority must come from the “consent of the governed.” Power comes from below, based on legitimacy, and is expressed through democracy and representation.
Constitutionalism: Government is necessary but must be limited to prevent tyranny. Power should be divided (checks and balances) and guided by a constitution and bill of rights.

Tradition: Emphasis on preserving traditions because they represent accumulated wisdom and provide stability, belonging, and continuity.
Pragmatism: Distrust of abstract theories; focus on experience, history, and “what works.” Politics is practical, not ideological.
Human Imperfection: Pessimistic view of human nature—people are selfish, greedy, and power-seeking. Social problems come from individuals, not systems.
Organicism: Society is like a living organism (family, community, nation). It is natural and necessary, and shared values/culture are essential for cohesion.
Hierarchy: Social inequality is natural and inevitable. Status often depends on birth and luck, and the privileged have a duty to care for the less fortunate.
Authority: Authority comes “from above” to guide those who cannot govern themselves effectively. Freedom must be tied to responsibility and duty.
Property: Property is important because it provides security, independence from government, and reflects personal identity.

Community: Humans are social beings shaped by their environment and relationships. Society, not the individual, is the primary focus.
Fraternity: Emphasizes solidarity and brotherhood. Prefers cooperation over competition and collectivism over individualism.
Social Equality (core value): Equality is more important than other values and necessary for stability. Focus on equality of outcome rather than just opportunity.
- Social Democrats: reduce inequality and improve opportunities
- Marxists: aim for complete equality through collective ownership
Need: Distribution of resources should be based on need, not merit (“from each according to ability, to each according to need”).
Social Class: Society is divided into classes, with the working class exploited. The working class is the key force for change or revolution.
Common Ownership: Central goal—collective ownership of resources to reduce inequality. Private property is criticized for encouraging selfishness and division; collectivization aims to create a more equal society.