Wildlife Finals

Mammals Adaptation

  • Sweating

    • Sweat glands - humans, chimpanzees

    • Snouts - platypus

    • Base of tail - deers

    • Paws - mice, rats, cats

  • Panting

  • Saliva spreading

  • Retreating in caves or burrows

  • Dormancy (estivation)

  • Higher body temperature (camels)

  • Fur


Bilaminar, oval wafer blood shape

  • Lower volume

  • Higher Hb

  • Resists influx or outflow of H2O

  • Normal blood flow despite tissue dehydration

  • Helpful in hypoxic montane habitats


Advantages of High Body Temperature

  • Totally independent of environmental temperature

  • Faster CNS (information acquisition, processing and response)

  • Fast and coordinated biochemical reactions (enzyme-catalyzed reactions)

  • Low muscular viscosity - reduces internal friction for more rapid, forceful contractions and faster response times

  • Can be active at night


Nocturnal existence

  • Big eyes

  • Packed with rods

  • Tapetum lucidum - thick reflective membrane, collects and re-emits light back to the retina

    • Gives rods a second chance to absorb the image information, maximizing the little amount of light available to them. As this light is reflected off the tapetum, the animal’s eyes appear to glow

  • Echolocation (bats)

  • Sense of smell

Mammals Diversity

  • 5487 currently recognized species (Schipper et al., 2008)

  • 4629 species - 2nd Ed. of Mammal Species of the World (Wilson and Reeder 1993)

  • 5416 species - 3rd Ed. of Mammal Species of the World (Wilson and Reeder 1993)


Class Mammalia

  • Prototheria - egg laying mammals

  • Order Monotremata - monotremes

  • Subclass Theria - therian mammals

  • Infraclass Eutheria - placental mammal

  • Afrosoricida - tenrecs & golden moles

  • Carnivora - carnivores

  • Artiodactyla - even-toed ungulates 

  • Cetacea - dolphins, porpoises, whales

  • Chiroptera - bats

  • Cingulata - armadillos

  • Dermoptera - colugos

  • Erinaceomorpha - gymnures & hedgehogs

  • Hyracoidea - hyraxes

  • Lagomorpha - hares, pikas, and rabbits

  • Macroscelidea - elephant-shrews

  • Perrisodactyla - horses, rhinoceros, and tapirs

  • Pholidota - pangolins

  • Pilosa - edentates

  • Primates - primates

  • Proboscidea - elephants

  • Rodentia - rodents

  • Scandentia - tree shrews

  • Sirenia - dugongs, manatees, sea cows

  • Soricomorpha - shrews, gymnures

  • Tubulidentata - aardvark

  • Infraclass metatheria - marsupial mammals

  • Dasyuromorphia - dasyuroid marsupials, marsupial carnivores

  • Didelphimorphia - american marsupials

  • Diprotodontia - kangaroos, possums, wallabies and relatives

  • Microbiotheria - monito del monte

  • Notoryctemorphia - marsupial moles

  • Paucituberculata - shrew opossums

  • Peramelemorphia - bandicoots and bilbies


PHILIPPINE MAMMALIAN ORDERS

  • Erinaceomorpha - 2

  • Soricomorpha - 10 + 1

  • Pholidota - 1

  • Scandentia - 2

  • Dermoptera - 1

  • Chiroptera - 78

  • Primates - 3

  • Rodentia - 73 + 7 + 5

  • Carnivora - 7

  • Artiodactyla - 9

  • Cetacea - 26 + 1

  • Sirenia - 1

Total: 214 + 14 new species


  • Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) - largest mammal living today

    • 3 school buses, 400000 pounds

  • Bull african Elephant (Loxodonta africana) - largest mammal on land

    • 3.96 m or 13 ft at the shoulder, weighed over 12 tons

  • Girrafe (Giraffa camelopardalis) - tallest animal 

    • 6.1 m or 20ft tall

  • Etruscan pygmy shrew (Suncus etruscus) and Bumblebee bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai) - smallest mammals

  • Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) - fastest animal on land (96 kph or 60mph)

  • Killer whale (Orcinus orca) - fastest mammal on water (55.5 kph or 34 mph)

  • Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) - fastest mammal in the air

  • Humans (Homo sapiens) - longest lived mammals

    • Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalis) - 90 - 100 y/o

  • Sloth - slowest mammal < 1 mph

  • Polar bear  (Ursus arctos) and brown bear (Ursus maritimus) - largest land carnivores

    • PB - 4 feet at shoulder; ~8 ft long; 1000 pounds (1.6 max)

    • BB - 4 ½ feet at shoulder; 8-9 ft; 800-1200 (1500) pounds

  • Belding's ground squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi) - longest hibernation 7-8 months

  • Rhinoceros - thickest skin

    • Flanks and backs - 2.5 cm or 1 inch

  • Mephitis mephitis and Ictonyx striatus - smelliest mammals

  • Shrews - fastest metabolism

    • Need to eat 1.3 times their own weight

  • House mice (Mus musculus) - population density >200,000 per hectare (2 mice/m2)

  • Yak (Bos grunniens) - highest living mammal 6000 m


PHILIPPINE MAMMALS

  • Mammals - are represented by more than 5k species

    • Kittie’s hognosed bat from thailand weighs 1.5 g

    • Blue whales exceed 130 metric tons

  • Mammary glands - produce milk, a distinctive mammalian characteristic

  • Hair is another mammalian character

  • Mammals generally have a larger brain than vertebrates of equal size

  • Hair - coat of most mammals

    • Dense and soft underhair for insulation

    • Coarse longer guard hair for protection from wear, and coloration

    • Can be specialized into whiskers, vibrissae which are sensory hairs for tactile sense

      • Especially long for nocturnal and burrowing animals


INTEGUMENTARY GLANDS

  • Sweat glands - involved in heat regulation

  • Scent glands - for making territories, defense, warning

  • Sebaceous glands - hair follicles

  • Mammary glands - milk for offsprings


MIGRATION

  • Some terrestrial mammals like caribou and bison, migrate twice annually between summer and winter ranges


FLIGHT AND ECHOLOCATION

  • Many mammals can guide from tree to tree

  • Not powered by flight

  • Gliding and flying evolved independently

  • Bats have evolved true flight

  • Mostly nocturnal or crepuscular

  • Echolocation is used to navigate and locate food


TERRITORIALITY

  • Many mammals defend a territory that includes resources such as food, shelter or mates that is defended from others usually of the same species (conspecifics) - those that utilize the same resources

  • A mammal usually has a larger, undefended home range that may overlap with the home range of other conspecifics


ACTIVITY PATTERNS

  1. Diurnal - daytime

  2. Nocturnal - nighttime

  3. Crepuscular - early morning and late afternoon


MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

  1. Tail fluke

  2. Baleen 

  3. Homodent teeth

  4. Imbricate scales

  5. Horns and antlers

  6. Ungulate hooves



  • Patagium

  • Claws and tubercles 


ORDER

  • Insectivora - hedgehogs, gymnures, shrews

  • Scandentia - tree shrews

  • Dermoptera - flying lemurs

  • Chiroptera - bats

  • Primates - lorises and coucangs; monkeys; tarsiers

  • Rodentia - squirrel, mice & rats; porcupine

  • Pholidota - pangolin

  • Carnivora - cats; civets; mongooses

  • Artiodactyla - pigs; mouse deer; deer; cattle

  • Cetacea - rorquals, dolphins, whales

  • Sirenia - sea cows & dugongs


STATISTICS

  • About 183 terrestrial mammals

    • 120 (66%) endemic

    • 51 (28%) threatened

  • 20 species of marine mammals

    • 19 cetaceans

    • 1 sirenians


MEGACHIROPTERA - Pteropodidae

  • Chiroptera - body covered with fur, teeth present, forelimbs modified into true wings extending from 2nd to 5th digit 

  • Pteropodidae - fruit bats; interfemoral membrane; absent or reduced; tail short; second fingers usually with claws; tragus and anti-tragus absent


Species:

  1. Philippine nectar bat - Eonycteris robusta

  2. Roosting nectar bat - Eonycteris spelea Cave

  3. Common roussete - Rousettus amplexicaudatus

  4. Harpy fruit bat - Harpionycteris whiteheadi 

  5. Naked backed fruit bat - Dobsonia mollucensis 

  6. Dagger-toothed flower bat - Macroglossus minimus

  7. Short-nosed fruit bat - Cynopterus brachyotis

  8. Phil. tube-nosed fruit bat - Nyctimene rabori

  9. Phil. pygmy fruit bat - Haplomycteris fischeri

  10. Giant flying fox - Pteropus vampyrus

  11. Mindoro flying fox - Styloctenium mindorensis 

  12. Golden crowned flying fox - Acerodon jubatus

  13. Phil. white winged flying fox - Pteropus leucopterus

  14. Little golden mantled flying fox - Pteropus pumilus



MICROCHIROPTERA

  • Insectivorous bats with inter-femoral membrane

  1. False vampire bats - Megadermatidae

  2. Sheath tailed bats - Emballonuridae

  3. Horseshoe nosed bats - Rhinolopidae

  4. Leaf-nosed bats - Hipposideridae

  5. Free tailed bats - Molossidae

  6. Evening bats - Vespertilionidae


SPECIES

  1. Phil. horseshoe - Rhinolophus virgo

  2. Phil. rufous hb - Rhinolophus rufus

  3. R. arcuatus

  4. Pygmy lnb - Hipposideros pygmaeus

  5. Hipposideros obscurus

  6. Bi colored lnb - Hipposideros bicolor


DERMOPTERA

  • Body covered with fur

  • Gliding forms

  • Patagium present

  • First lower two incisors comb-like

  • Cynocephalus volans - Philippine Flying Lemur or Cologos


INSECTIVORA

  • Shrews - long pointed nose; long tailed with short bristle

    • Asian house shrew - Suncus murinus

    • Luzon Forest Shrew - Crocidura grayi

    • Mindanao gymnure - Podogymnura truei


SCANDENTIA (Tupaiidae)

  • Non opposable digits present, with claws, nails absent

  • With distinct shoulder stripe

  • Nose naked

    • Palawan tree shrew - Tupaia palawanensis

    • Ph. tree shrew - Urugale everetti


PHOLIDOTA (Manidae)

  • Body covered with imbricate scales

  • Teeth lacking

    • Pangolins - Manis javanica



CARNIVORA (Felidae, Mustelidae)

  • Canine teeth strongly differentiated from incisors

  • Cats, otters, badgers (Palawan stink badger)

  • Mongoose, civets

    • Palawan leopard cat - Prionilurus bengalensis heaneyi

    • Visayan leopard cat - Prionilurus bengalensis rabori

    • Palawan stink badger - Mydaus marchei

    • Oriental small clawed otter - Amblonyx cinereus


Viveridae 

  1. Palm civet - Paradoxorus hermaphroditus

  2. Oriental civet - Viverra tagalunga

  3. Arctictis binturong


RODENTIA

  • Well developed incisors; claws always present

  • Squirrels - patagium absent or present, tail hairy and bushy, adapted for arboreal or volant mode of flying

  • Mice and rats - patagium absent; tail may be hairy or bushy, with scales or naked or bicolored, adapted for arboreal, semi-arboreal, or terrestrial mode of living

  • Old world porcupines - pelage with well developed spines

  • Sciuridae - squirrels

  • Muridae - rats

  • Hystricidae - porcupines


SPECIES

  1. Palawan porcupine - Hystrix pumilus

  2. Luzon mountain rat - Bullimus luzonicus

  3. Bagobo rat - Bullimus bagobus

  4. Ph forest rat - Rattus everetti

  5. Asian black rat - Rattus tanezumi

  6. Mt. Isarog striped rat - Chrotomys gonzalesi

  7. Mindoro striped rat - Chrotomys mindorensis

  8. Mt. Data Forest rat - Apomys date

  9. Mt. Isarog tweezer beaked rat - Rhynchomys isarogensis

  10.  Mindanao forest rat - Apomys littoralis

  11. Dinagat hairy tailed - Batomys rusattus

  12. Giant bushy tailed cloud rat - Crateromys schadenbergi

  13. Ilin island bushy tailed cr - Crateromys paulus

  14. Panay island bushy tailed cr - C. heaneyi

  15. Dinagat island bushy tailed cr - C. australis

  16. SL slender tailed cr - Phloeomys cumingi

  17. NL ST CR - P. pallidus


ARTIODACTYLA

  • Relatively large forms; functional digits of forelimb and hindlimb reduced to two; digits with hooves instead of claws or nails; even-toed ungulates

  • Pigs, mouse deer, deer, cattles, goats, tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)


SPECIES

  1. Ph. brown deer - Rusa marianus

  2. V. spotted deer - Rusa alfredi

  3. Calamian deer - Axis calamianensis

  4. Balabac mouse deer - Tragulus nigricans

  5. Tamaraw - Bubalus mindorensis

  6. Bearded pig - Sus barbatus

  7. Visayan warty pig - Sus cebrifons

  8. Ph. warty pig - Sus philippensis

  9. Ph. rhinoceros - Rhinoceros philippinensis

  10. Luzon elephant - Stegodon luzonensis

  11. Mindanao elephant - Stegodon mindanensis

  12. Asian elephant - Elaphas maximus


MARINE MAMMALS

  1. Dugong - Dugong dugon


PRIMATES (Tarsiidae, Lorisidae, Cercopithecidae)

  • Functional digits, thumb or toe or both, opposable

  • Nails or claws present on digits


SPECIES

  1. Long tailed macaque - Macaca fascicularis (fascicularis, philippinensis)

  2. Ph. tarsier - Carlito syrichta

  3. Slow loris - Nycticebus coucang


GENERAL HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION

  • Forest dwellers

  • Some species may take shelter in cultivated areas

  • Large mammals: absent in small islands


ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION

  • Found in low to medium altitudes


HABITAT

  • Arboreal - bat, squirrel, flying lemur, tarsier, tree shrew, monkey

  • Terrestrial - wild pigs, deer, mouse deer, tamaraw, wild cat

  • Fossorial - ground shrews (Suncus, Crucidura), scaly anteater, spiny anteater, several rats

  • Aquatic - otter (Aonys cinerea), found only in palawan 


DAILY ACTIVITY

  • Diurnal - monkeys, squirrels, some rats

  • Nocturnal - majority of mammals, bats, wild pigs, wild cats


BREEDING SEASONS

  • Bats - Pteropodids - frugivorous species

  • Rousettus amplexicaudatus - Dec thru June, peak months: Feb, Mar, Apr

  • Cynopterus brachyotis - Jan thru Jun; peak month: Feb

  • Ptenochirus jagori - Jan thru Mar

  • Macroglossus minimus - Jan thru Aug

  • Eonycteris spelaea - Feb to Mar

  • Pteropus speciosus, Pteropus sp., Haplonycteris fischeri, Dobsonila viridis - dry months of Feb thru May

  • Female Tamaraw - seems to bear young in Dec to Jan

  • Philippine deer - breeding in the later part of october to March


GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

  • Limited information

  • Acerodon jubatus & Pteropus sp. - sexual maturity achieved within a year

  • Prionilurus bengalensis - sexual maturity within a year

  • Philippine deer - sexual maturity in 18 months



RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

  • Light - most Ph mammals are nocturnal; few diurnal

  • Rainfall - in bats, breeding during the relatively drier mos.; breeding is less related to rainfall than greater chances of survival during the less rainy period

  • Heat - mostly nocturnal; avoidance of high temps.; generally, Ph. wild mammals avoid the heat; no experiments has been performed on heat tolerance


BIOTIC FACTORS

  • Food - highly variable

    • Bats - 2 groups

    • Fruit and flower-eating species - Macroglossus minimus (nectar, pollen); Pteropus sp., and Acerdodon jubatus (fleshy fruits like Ficus)

    • Insectivorous species - smaller sp. (Microchiroptera); many dwell in caves and house attics

    • Deer - herbivorous; leaves, shrubs, low trees, cogon grass; in captivity, fawn prefers creeping grass

    • Tree shrews (Tupaia tana) - feed on earthworms, arthropods, (Lepidoptera & termites); and fruits

    • Tarsiers - feeds on insects

    • Monkeys - omnivorous

    • Paradoxorus - largely herbivorous

  • Predators - snakes (Phyton reticulatus), birds of prey (serpent eagle), civets, leopard cats; preys upon mice, rats and young of other mammals

    • Scaly anteater (Manis javanica) and hystricid rodents (Thecurus pumilus) - prolly have no predators at adult stage

  • Parasites - endoparasites: tapeworms & nematods, flukes (insectivorous bats); Acanthocephalans (Vivera tagalunga & Rattus norvegicus)

    • Ectoparasites - mites, fleas, bat flies (Bats as hosts)


BEHAVIOR

  • Roosting aggregations - prominent among bats; in caves (frugi and insectivorous) and attics (insecti)

  • Feeding behavior - Tongue - used by Macroglossus minimus to suck nectar

  • Some frugi bats chew pulp, swallow liquid, spit out others

  • Insecti - catch insects on the wings at night

  • Monkey - chews food & stores it in the cheek pouches before swallowing

  • Home ranges, territorial behavior, social behavior, communication - no data at present

    • Learning by experience

    • Learning by imitation

    • Learned behavior


IMPORTANT DATES AND LEGISLATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Prior to 1900

  • There were unwritten tribal laws related to utilization of wildlife - a wildlife management and conservation strategy

  • Ex: agtas prohibit collection of pregnant wild pigs and wild chicken with cheeks; prohibit hunting during the breeding season of wildlife

  • Tribal culture and belief on some wildlife species and habitats/areas are sacred

    • Belief of Mangyan of Mindoro, B’laan of South Cotabato and other tribes


1900 - Act no. 55 amended by Act No. 275 (1901): to provide for wholesome food supplies and to prevent cruelty to animals in transportation

1905 - Act no. 1285 (Amendments: Act no. 3548 of 1929: Commonwealth Act no. 148 of 1936; RA 1178 of 1954); authorizing the incorporation of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Ph Is., defining its powers and providing powers to its government

1907 - Act no. 1798 amended by Act no. 2318 (1914); provide for the protection of the animal life in the Phil. Is., providing penalty for violation of certain provisions of the act

1916 - Act no. 2590 known as the Protection of Game and Fish Act (amendments: Act no. 3730 of 1930, Act no. 4005 of 1932, Commonwealth Act of 491 of 1939) - limited with scope and severity of penalty

1929 - Act no. 3547 - defining and penalizing cruelty to animals

1932 - RA 3915

  • An act providing for the establishment of national parks as game refuges and bird sanctuaries including provisions of penalties

1933 - Gen. Gov. Roosevelt declared Mt. Makiling as the first National Park, and then Mt. Arayat National Park

1952 - creation of commission on parks and wildlife

1956 - establishment of parks and Wildlife Office, DANR

1975 - PD 705, the revised Forestry Code of the PH: mandates the protection of foreign lands, including the conservation of wildlife and regulated hunting (Revising PD #389 of 1974)


FUNCTIONS OF PARKS AND WILDLIFE DIVISION (under PD #705)

  • Standards for the issuance of grazing permits to ensure the utilization of public rangelands is in accordance with watershed and wildlife habitat requirements

  • Determine the need for, and recommend, the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries

  • Establish wildlife habitat requirements for application in the managed forest

  • Recommend season, bag and/or creel limits of game and fish within public forest and the marine parks, lakes and other inland waters that may be under the jurisdiction of the Bureau


1977 - PD 1152, the PH Environment Code; DANR to establish a system of national exploitation and conservation of wildlife resources and to encourage citizens’ participation in the maintenance and/or enhancement of their continuous productivity by:

  • Regulating the market of threatened wildlife resources

  • Reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of wildlife resources

  • Conserving the threatened species of wild fauna

1981 - the PH signed the CITES to focus on biodiversity conservation

CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna

1987 - creation of DENR and PAWB

1988 - DAO No. 96: Policies on the Allocation of quota on wildlife

  • 4 year (90-93) gradual phaseout on the commercial export of wild animals

  • Creation of an inter-agency wildlife management committee

  • Beginning 1994, only captive-bred animals will be allowed to export

1990 - DAO no. 30: amending DAO no. 96 Ser 1988 and setting quota for certain wildlife species under CITES that maybe collected from the wild

  • DAO No. 46: Format and criteria for proposals to register commercial captive breeding operations for a CITES Appendix I species

1991 - DAO no. 36: guidelines on the confiscation, seizure, and disposition of wild flora and fauna illegally collected, gathered, acquired, transported and imported

  • DAO no. 48: establishment of a national list of rare (R), endangered (E), threatened (T), vulnerable (V), intermediate (I), and insufficiently known (K) species of philippine wild birds, mammals and reptiles

1992 - RA 7586 (NIPAS Act): defines the frameworks for the establishment of the National Integrated Protected Areas Systems of the PH

  • Multisectoral approach

  • Designation of buffer zones

  • Recognition of ancestral domains

  • Decentralization of PA management through PAMB

1998 - RA 8485, the Animal Welfare Act: intends to protect and promote the welfare of all animals by regulating the establishment and operation of all facilities utilized for breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating or training of all animals either as objects of trade or as household pets

2001  - RA 9147 (Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act)

  • An act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats


PHILIPPINE LEGISLATION

Re: Wildlife (Bird) Trade

  • At present, PAWB-DENR is implementing RA 9147 (2001)

  • Its scopes include all wildlife species (flora and fauna) in all areas including Protected Areas (under RA 7586) and critical habitats, as well as exotics that are traded, culture, maintained and/or bred in captivity/propagated in the country

  • RA 9147 is jointly implemented by DENR, DA, and the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD)

  • DENR - responsible for terrestrial plants, and animal species, wetland spp., amphibians and dugongs (sea cows)

  • DA - responsible for aquatic habitats and resources (fishes, aquatic plants, invertebrates, and marine mammals except for dugongs

  • PCSD - for all wildlife species found in Palawan areas (RA 7611)


RA 9147 in RELATION to WILDLIFE TRADE

  • Mandates the creation of Wildlife Traffic Monitoring Units in every region

  • This is similar to CITES which emphasizes the creation of the same units nationwide

  • Authorizes the deputation of wildlife enforcement officers (WEOs) composed of NGOs, citizen groups (CBOs/POs), /LGUs and community volunteers

  • Allows the designation of Ph. Natl. Police (PNP), AFP, NBI and other law enforcement agencies as WEOs.


At present, there is a MOA between the DENR and the Bureau of Customs (BOC)


BOC is tasked to supervise & control exports and imports, foreign mail cargoes, clearance of all vessels/aircrafts in all ports of the country (RA 1973)


WEOs are given full authority to seize illegally traded wildlife and arrest violators


STRUCTURE OF BIRD TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES

  • Bird collection/farming and wildlife trade are legal (WITH PERMITS) providing livelihoods and income to local communities (trappers, hunters, middlemen, transports), including pet shop owners in towns/cities

  • However, high rewards with lower risk of detection and punishment made by those engaged in illegal bird trade (informal markets w/ peddlers, pet lovers, restos)


TRICKS

  1. Concealment

  2. Misdeclaration

  3. Permit fraud

  4. Diplomatic eme eme


MAJOR TRANSPORT ROUTES AND CHAINS

  • The mode of transport by passenger such as jeeps/buses and cargo boats/ships from provinces/towns (harvesting/collection areas) to consumers/market via Cebu or other transit (areas) to Metro Manila.

  • Use of back doors coming into the Ph via Southern Mindanao, esp. Gen. Santos, Zamboanga or Davao via Tawi-tawi and Sulu


RECOMMENDATIONS

  • Strict implementation of PH legislation (ex. RA 9147) and its implementing rules and regulations

  • Mobilization of regional wildlife monitoring units including their trainings

  • Participatory approach through the involvement of concerned agencies with law enforcement tasks

  • Continue on with the series of dialogue meetings/capacity-building exercises for closer and better working relationships


WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN THE PHILIPPINES


Conservation -  “protection of plants, animals, and natural areas” (Cambridge English Dictionary)

One of the earliest attempts within the conservation community to define conservation can be found in The World Conservation Strategy published by IUCN in 1980:

  • To maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems 

  • To preserve genetic diversity, and 

  • To ensure the sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems

  • To advance biodiversity governance  


Wildlife Conservation and Trade in the Philippines

  • Significant issue in the Philippines 

  • Undergoes various degrees of exploitation 

  • Many important products and uses can be derived from wildlife if properly managed 

  • Conservation is imperative when already a large number of species in a country have become threatened


Major threats to species (Rabor 1966)

  • Habitat destruction – major culprit for an extremely high number of threatened species in the Philippines 

  • Logging, either legal or illegal affect the complexity of the forest 

  • Kaingin and slash and burn 

  • Such deforestation methods alter the area to a point which makes it non-renewable, leaving the soil eroded. 

  • With the loss of habitat, all wildlife dependent on it is also lost. 


Excessive hunting

  • Major cause of wildlife depletion 

  • Pet and zoo trade 

  • Once hunting becomes excessive, wildlife population is greatly threatened 


Disease and natural predation

  • Other causes of wildlife decline may not be too severe, but cause problems when put together in a larger scale 

  • Isolated populations are vulnerable to epidemics 

  • Introduced species and commensals may bring non-native diseases and predation 

  • Collection specimens 


Drivers of Biodiversity Loss

  1. Exploitation - 37%

  2. Habitat degradation and Change - 31%

  3. Habitat loss - 13%

  4. Climate change - 7%

  5. Invasive species - 5%

  6. Pollution - 4%

  7. Disease - 2%

INDIRECT DRIVERS

  1. Demography

  2. Economic

  3. Sociopolitcs

  4. Culture and religion

  5. Science and technology


Direct drivers

  1. loss , degradation and fragmentation of natural habitats

  2. Overexploitation of biological resources

  3. Pollution

  4. Invasive alien species on ecosystems

  5. Climate change


Timeline

1948 - International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

1949 - A Sand Country Almanac by Aldo Leopold

1951 - The Nature Conservancy; International Plant Protection Convention

1961 - World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

1962 - A Silent Spring - Rachel Carson

1965 - Unsafe at any speed by Ralph Nader

1968 - Tragedy of the Commons by Garrett Hardin and The Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich

1969 - Friends of the Earth and International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)

1994 - International Convention to Combat Desertification

2000 - Cartagena Protocol

2002 - World Summit on Sustainable Development; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources

2012 - RIO +20 United nations Conference on Sustainable Development

2015 - 2030 Agenda for sustainable development; SDG


Philippine Environmental and Conservation Policies

National Constitution and By – Laws

  • Section 16, Article II of the Philippine Constitution, vests in the State the ultimate responsibility to preserve and protect the environment; the wildlife, flora and fauna, among others, are owned by the State and the disposition, development and utilization thereof are under its full control and supervision. 

Conservation Policies

  • 1992 R.A. 7586 National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) 

  • 1995 EO 247 Law on Bioprospecting 

  • 1998 R.A 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) 

  • 1999 R.A. 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act 

  • 2001 R.A. 9147 Wildlife Act 2004 

  • RA 9275. Philippine Clean Water Act 

  • 2008 RA 9512 National Environmental Awareness and Education Act


Commitments

  • Biodiversity conservation in the PH began to receive even more attention after the country became one of the signatories in the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity in the Rio de Janeiro “Earth Summit”


NIPAS

  • Maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems

  • Preserve genetic diversity

  • Ensure sustainable use of resources found therein

  • Maintain their natural conditions to the greatest extent possible


Legislation  Timeline in PH

1932- RA 3195: Establishment of National Parks (Game Refuge and Other purposes)

1975 - PD 705: REvising Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines

1987 - EO 192: Reorganization of DEENR into DENR; Creation of Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB)

1989 - Res. No. 37: Cabinet Approval of the Ph Strategy for Sustainable Development

1991 - RA 7160 - Local Government Code

1992 - NIPAS Act

1995 - EO 263: Adopting Community-Based Foresty Management as National Strategy (SD of Forestlands’ Resources); RA 7942: Philippine Mining Act

1997 - RA 8371: Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)

1998 - RA 8550: Fisheries Code of the PH

2001 - RA 9072: Natl Caves and Cave Resources Management Protection Act

  • RA 9125 - Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Act

  • RA 9147 - Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act

  • RA 9154 - Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park Act

2004 - PD 9237: Mt. Apo Protected Area Act

2005 - Joint AO 2005-01: Guidelines for Bioprospecting in the PH

2007 - Joint MC 2007-01: Management of Overlapping PAs and/or their Buffer Zones and Ancestral Domains/Lands

2008 - DAO 2008-26: Revised IRR of NIPAS Act of 1992

2009 - RA 9729 - Climate Change Act

2011 - EO 23: Total Log Ban (Natural and Residual Forests)

2013 - EO 366: Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) renamed to Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB)

2015 - RA 10654: Amending PH Fisheries Code of 1998

2018 - RA11038: E-NIPAS Act


National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) R.A. 7586 

  • Ratified in 1992 -is the classification and administration of all designated protected areas to maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems

  • to preserve genetic diversity 

  • to ensure sustainable use of resources 

  • to maintain their natural condition to the greatest extent possible 

  • it includes designation of it includes designation of buffer zones 


Historical Development of Protected Area System

  • Biodiversity protection was first legislated in the Philippines with the passage of 

  • 1916 Protection of Game and Fish Act- Protection of Game and Fish Act- very limited in scope and severity of penalty 

  • 1932 R.A. 3915- first significant law that governed protected areas and provided provided the establishment of the establishment of national parks  

  • 1981 Convention on International trade of Endangered Species (CITES)- Endangered Species (CITES)-an international agreement focusing on biodiversity protection

  • Protected Area Management Board (PAMB)- (PAMB)- created to administer the NIPAS ACT of 1992   


BIOPROSPECTING LAW 

The purpose of EO 247 is to regulate the research, collection and use of biological and genetic resources, so that such resources are conserved, used sustainably and benefit the national interest; and promote the development of local capability in science and technology .


Bioprospecting - exploration of biological material for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical properties


Prior Informed Consent (PIC) 

  • all bioprospecting activities are activities are subject to research agreements with the government, containing terms for the provision of information and samples, technology cooperation and benefit benefit-sharing. 

  • For the collection of biodiversity in areas where local and indigenous communities live, the prior informed consent (PIC) of such communities is required. 


Protected Area Management Board(PAMB)

  • reviews and approves all research agreements entered into by any person and entity or corporation. 


Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) R.A NO. 8371

  • signed in October 1998 

  • IPRA also reinforces EO 247’s PIC requirement by recognizing the rights of indigenous people to ancestral domain.

  • the rights of indigenous people over their knowledge systems and practices are explicitly recognised by IPRA, and by the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA, 1997) which requires benefits to be shared with communities that provide traditional knowledge


NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (NCIP) 

  • formulates and implements policies, plans and programs to promote and protect the rights of indigenous people with due regard to their beliefs, customs, traditions and institutions.  


Philippine Clean Air Act Republic Act 8749

  • AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES -ratified by former President -ratified by former President JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA on 23 June 1999  


Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA)

  • shall regularly monitor meteorological regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental factors affecting environmental conditions conditions including ozone depletion including ozone depletion and greenhouse and greenhouse gases


Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)

  • regulates all projects which will involve the use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials, handling, transport, production, storage, and use of radioactive materials 


Wildlife Act 2001 R. A. NO. 9147

  • AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES AND THEIR HABITATS, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES -also known as the also known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 


Jurisdiction of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department of Agriculture

  • DENR shall have jurisdiction over all shall have jurisdiction over all terrestrial plant and animal species, all turtles and tortoises and wetland species, including but not limited to crocodiles, waterbirds and all amphibians and dugong. 

  • The management authorities for terrestrial and aquatic resources shall be the Protected Areas and Mngt Bureau (PAMB) of the DENR

  • Department of Agriculture (DA) - shall have jurisdiction over all declared aquatic critical habitats, all aquatic resources including but not limited to all fishes, aquatic plants, invertebrates and all marine mammals, except dugong. In the Province of Palawan, jurisdiction herein conferred is vested to the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) pursuant to Republic Act No. 7611 


Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 Republic Act 9275

  • Recognizing the need for sustainable access to clean water, President Gloria Macapagal Macapagal-Arroyo signed into law the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 on March 22, 2004 (World Water Day)

  • This act aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from all sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities).


National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008 RA 9512 

  • December 12, 2008, Republic Act No. 9512 or “AN ACT TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES” was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled.

  • Act that that stipulates Environmental Education and Activities as Part of National Service Training Program. The Commision on Higher Education (CHED), Department of Education (DepED), Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and other agencies are enjoined to include environmental education, awareness programs and activities in the National Service Training Program under Republic Act No. 9163 


Access and benefit- sharing information kit

An information kit was developed to build awareness on ABS. The key themes addressed in the information kit are: 

  • Access and benefit-sharing 

  • Uses of genetic resources 

  • Traditional knowledge 

  • The Bonn Guidelines 

  • National Implementation 

  • The Nagoya Protocol on ABS


What are genetic resources?

  • All living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) carry genetic material potentially useful to humans 

  • These resources can be taken from the wild, domesticated or cultivated 

  • They are sourced from:

    • Natural environments (in situ)

    • Human-made collections (ex situ) (e.g. botanical gardens, genebanks, seed banks and microbial culture collections


Why are genetic resources important?

  • They provide crucial information to better understand nature 

  • They can be used to develop a wide range of products and services for human benefit

  • The way in which genetic resources are accessed and how the benefits arising from their use is shared can create incentives for:

    • The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

    • The creation of a fairer and more equitable economy to support sustainable development 


The link to traditional knowledge

  • Our understanding of genetic resources often comes from traditional knowledge of indigenous and local communities which has been handed down over generations 

  • The value of this knowledge must be understood and recognised by those who use it 

  • Essential that the rights of indigenous and local communities are considered during access and benefit-sharing (ABS) negotiations 


What is ABS?

It refers to the way in which genetic resources may be accessed, and how the benefits that result from their use are shared between the people or countries using the resources (users) and the people or countries that provide them (providers).


How does ABS work?

It is based on: 

  • Prior informed consent (PIC) being granted by a provider to a user 

  • Negotiations between the provider and the user to develop mutually agreed terms (MAT) that ensure that the benefits from the use of genetic resources are shared equitably  


What is prior informed consent?

The permission given by the competent national authority of a provider country to a user prior to accessing genetic resources, in line with an appropriate national legal and institutional framework


What are mutually agreed terms?

An agreement reached between the providers of genetic resources and users on the conditions of access and use and the benefits to be shared between both parties 


Who is involved in ABS?

Providers of genetic resources: 

  • States have sovereign rights over their natural resources 

  • Laws within the provider country determine rights over genetic resources at the national level, who has the authority to grant access to genetic resources and who should be involved in the negotiation of mutually agreed terms with potential users (e.g. private landowners, indigenous and local communities) 


Users of genetic resources:

  • A diverse group, including botanical gardens, industry researchers such as pharmaceutical, agriculture and cosmetic industries, collectors and research institutes 

  • They seek access for a wide range of purposes, from basic research to the development of new products 


National Focal Points (NFPs): 

  • Responsible for providing information on ABS, such as the requirements for gaining access to genetic resources


 Competent National Authorities (CNAs):

  • Established by governments and responsible for granting access to their genetic resources 

  • Represent providers on a local or national level  


ABS Timeline

  • 1992 - The text of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is opened for signature at the Rio Earth Summit 

  • 1993 - The CBD is ratified and comes into force 

  • 1998 - A panel of experts is established to clarify principles and concepts related to ABS 

  • 2000 - The Conference of the Parties establishes the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Access and Benefit-sharing 

  • 2002 - The Conference of the Parties adopts the Bonn Guidelines on ABS 

    • At the World Summit on Sustainable Development, States called for action to negotiate an international regime to promote the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources 

  • 2004 - The Working Group on ABS is given the mandate to negotiate an International Regime on ABS 

  • 2008 - The Conference of the Parties establishes a clear process for the finalization of the international regime on ABS and its adoption at its tenth meeting in October 2010 

  • 2010 - The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization was adopted by the Conference of the Parties, at its tenth meeting, in Nagoya, Japan 


A Protocol on ABS was negotiated to further implement the ABS provisions of the CBD.


Why is it important to have a Protocol on ABS?

  • It will ensure that biodiversity-rich countries obtain a fair share of benefits arising out of the use of their genetic resources by setting out a clear and transparent framework for ABS 

  • Benefit-sharing, through technology transfer, research results, training and profits, can contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development 

  • ABS can contribute to further research and development contributing to human well-being through the use of genetic resources in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture and many other sectors 

  • ABS is essential to better understand nature through taxonomic research

  • The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was adopted at the tenth Conference of the Parties to the CBD in October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan


ACCESS BENEFIT SHARING


What is ABS about?

  • How genetic resources may be accessed 

  • How users and providers reach agreement on the sharing of benefits that may result from their use

  • ABS rules (Article 15 of the CBD) state that governments should: 

    • Create systems that facilitate access to genetic resources for environmentally sound purposes 

    • Ensure that benefits resulting from their use are shared fairly and equitably between users and providers


Users seek access to genetic resources for: 

  • Scientific research (e.g. taxonomy)

  • Development of commercial products (e.g. pharmaceuticals) 


Providers of genetic resources grant access:

  • In exchange for a share of the benefits that result from their use


Users seeking access to genetic resources must:

  • Get permission from the provider country (known as prior informed consent or PIC)


 Both provider and user must:

  • Negotiate an agreement to share resulting benefits (known as mutually agreed terms or MAT)


Benefits arising from the use of genetic resources may be: 

  • Monetary when research and developments leads to a commercial product (e.g. royalties, milestone payments, licensing fees) 

  • Non-monetary (e.g. technology transfer, enhancement of research skills) 

  • ABS can contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development


The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) Bioprospecting Programme in Panama

  •  ICBG Panama programme started in 1998 

  • Ensures that benefits arising from the use of Panama’s genetic resources are shared with Panama


 So far, benefits have included:

  • New and improved scientific infrastructure

  • New research programmes 

  • Training of scientists 

  • Development of drug-discovery programs for diseases 

  • The programmes ensures that local scientists play a key role in the research

  • An important focus is awareness raising on the importance of biodiversity conservation at all levels of the Panamanian society 

  • The programme has increased the incentive for conservation 

  • It played an important role in the creation of the Coiba National Park and establishing it as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 


GENETIC RESOURCES


What does using genetic resources mean?

  • It refers to the process of researching the beneficial properties of genetic resources


 Why are genetic resources useful?

  • They can lead to the development of new products for human well-being (e.g. pharmaceuticals, cosmetics) 

  • They allow for a better understanding of the natural world 

  • They can lead to improvements in biodiversity conservation 


Genetic resources can be put to commercial use: 

  • Companies develop specialty enzymes, enhanced genes, or small molecules 

  • They can be used in crop protection, drug development, production of specialized chemicals, or in industrial processing


Genetic resources can be put to non-commercial use:

  • Academic and public research institutes use genetic resources to increase our understanding of the natural world through activities such as taxonomy, and ecosystem analysis


Commercial sector uses:

 Pharmaceutical industry

  • Chemical compounds or substances produced by living organisms often provide good leads for the development of new drugs


 Industrial biotechnology

  • Enzymes are often used in textile, detergent, food, feed and other industries to improve efficiency and quality of products 


 Agricultural biotechnology

  • Large seed companies often rely on genetic resources to improve performance and farming efficiency for major crops


Ornamental horticulture industries

  • Nurseries, botanical gardens and private collections use genetic resources to produce ornamental plants 


Non-commercial sector uses:

 Taxonomy and conservation

  • Genetic resources are crucial for naming and describing species 

  • Scientific research helps improve environmental conservation 


Distinction between commercial and non-commercial uses is not always clear-cut

  • ABS can be a long chain of providers and users, such as:

    • Indigenous and local communities

    • Research institute in provider country

    • University in user country

    • Private company

  • Some genetic resources initially accessed for research purposes can end up being used for commercial purposes


TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE


 What is traditional knowledge

  • For centuries, indigenous and local communities (ILCs) have learned, used and passed on knowledge about local biodiversity and how it can be used for a range of purposes

  • In ABS, traditional knowledge refers to the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities related to genetic resources 


Why is traditional knowledge important?

  • Indigenous and local communities rely on genetic resources and have helped preserve, maintain and increase biodiversity over centuries 

  • Traditional knowledge related to biological resources can be an important source of information for identifying new uses of genetic resources 

  • The leads provided by traditional knowledge in identifying the properties of genetic resources have enabled industries to develop new products and have helped scientists understand biodiversity


 In ABS agreements:

  • The prior informed consent (PIC) of indigenous and local communities should be sought whenever traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is to be used 

  • Users of genetic resources and indigenous and local communities should negotiate mutually agreed terms (MAT) to encourage the equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of traditional knowledge 


Article 8(j) of the CBD:

  • States the need for governments to respect, preserve, maintain and promote the wider application of traditional knowledge with the approval and involvement of relevant indigenous and local communities


CBD Working Group on Traditional Knowledge

  • Directs and facilitates discussions between governments, indigenous and local communities and other interested parties 

  • Allows indigenous and local communities to contribute their views and recommendations on related issues


Traditional knowledge of the Hoodia plant

  • Hoodia is a succulent plant indigenous to southern Africa 

  • It has been used for centuries by indigenous San peoples to stave off hunger and thirst

  • •In 1996, the South African-based Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) patented active compounds of Hoodia for potential commercialization of an appetite suppressant 

  • This led to a licensing agreement between CSIR and some large pharmaceutical companies to develop and commercialize a Hoodia-based product 

  • Initial actions were taken without the consent of the San peoples which led to an outcry by NGOs and media attention 

  • As a result, a benefit-sharing agreement was signed with the San peoples


 The agreement included:

  • Monetary benefits:

    • Milestone payments during product development

    • Royalty payment in the case of commercialization

  • Non-monetary benefits: 

    • Funds for development, education and training of the San community

    • Funds to support projects and institutions working to improve research and protection of the San traditional knowledge and heritage


THE BONN GUIDELINES

  • Assist governments in the elaboration of measures to govern ABS 

  • Help users and providers of genetic resources to implement ABS procedures effectively


 Main purpose of the Guidelines

  • To guide countries, as providers, in setting up their own national measures for ABS, such as the elements of a prior informed consent procedure 

  • To assist providers and users in the negotiation of mutually agreed terms by providing examples of what elements should be included in these agreements 


The Bonn Guidelines are relevant for:

  • Governments developing their national ABS measures 

  • Institutions and individuals involved in the negotiation of ABS agreements 


The Guidelines provide that an effective prior informed consent system should respect basic principles, such as

  • Legal certainty and clarity 

  • Facilitated access to genetic resources at a minimum cost 

  • Restrictions on access to genetic resources should be transparent, based on legal grounds, and not run counter to the objectives of the Convention 


The Guidelines provide that an effective prior informed consent system is to include:

  • the establishment of competent national authorities (CNAs) who can grant prior informed consent

  • Procedures for obtaining prior informed consent from the competent national authorities

  • Clearly specified timing and deadlines

  • Specifications of use

  • Mechanism for consultation of relevant  


The Guidelines outline principles and basic requirements to be considered in the development of mutually agreed terms, including:

  • Legal certainty and clarity 

  • Facilitating the transaction through clear information and formal procedures

  • Reasonable periods of time for negotiations

  • Terms set out in a written 


NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ABS


Background

  •  World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002: Political mandate for international regime on ABS 

  • 7th Conference of the Parties, 2004: Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on ABS mandated to negotiate an international regime on ABS 

  • 10th Conference of the Parties, 2010: Adoption of the Nagoya Protocol on ABS 


What is the Nagoya Protocol? 

  • A new international treaty on ABS to support the implementation of the third objective of the Convention on Biological Diversity: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources 

  • A landmark agreement in the international governance of biodiversity relevant for commercial and non-commercial sectors dealing with genetic resources 


What is the Nagoya Protocol?

  • Based on the fundamental principles of prior informed consent (PIC) and mutually agreed terms (MAT) enshrined in the Convention on Biological Diversity


Why is the Nagoya Protocol important?

  • It will create greater legal certainty for users and providers of genetic resources

  • It will help to ensure benefit-sharing, in particular when genetic resources leave the country providing the resource

  • It establishes more predictable conditions for access


Advantages of the Nagoya Protocol

  • It encourages the advancement of research on genetic resources which could lead to new discoveries 

  • It creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources 

  • Enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being


What does the Nagoya Protocol cover?

  • Genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, as well as benefits arising out of their utilization


What are the core elements of the Nagoya Protocol?

  • Access 

  • Benefit-sharing 

  • Compliance 

  • Traditional knowledge


Access obligations

Domestic-level access measures should:

  • Create legal certainty, clarity and transparency 

  • Provide fair and non-arbitrary rules and procedures 

  • Establish clear rules and procedures for prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms 

  • Provide for issuance of a permit or its equivalent when access is granted

  • Create conditions to promote and encourage research contributing to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 

  • Pay due regard to cases of present or imminent emergencies that threaten human, animal or plant health 

  • Consider the importance of genetic resources for food and agriculture and their special role for food security 


Benefit-sharing obligations

Domestic-level benefit-sharing measures should:

  • Provide for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, as well as subsequent applications and commercialization, with the contracting party providing the genetic resources

  • Ensure that sharing of benefits is subject to mutually agreed terms. Benefits may be monetary (such as royalties) or non-monetary (such as sharing research results or technology transfer)


Global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism

  • To address benefit-sharing with respect to genetic resources occurring in:

    • Transboundary areas

    • Situations where prior informed consent cannot be obtained

  • The need for and modalities of this mechanism are to be considered 

  • Benefits shared through this mechanism are to be used to support the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity globally 


Compliance Obligations

 Innovation of the Nagoya Protocol:

  • Obligation to comply with national ABS legislation and mutually agreed terms


Parties to the Protocol should:

  • Take measures to provide that genetic resources utilized within their jurisdiction have been accessed in accordance with prior informed consent, and that mutually agreed terms have been established 

  • Take measures to address situations of non-compliance 

  • Cooperate in cases of alleged violation of another Party’s requirements 


Compliance with mutually agreed terms

 Parties to the Protocol should:

  • Encourage contractual provisions on dispute resolution in mutually agreed terms 

  • Ensure an opportunity is available to seek recourse under their legal systems 

  • Take measures regarding access to justice and the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards 


Monitoring the utilization of genetic resources

 Parties to the Protocol should:

  • Designate one or more effective checkpoint(s) for collection of information at any stage of research, development, innovation, pre-commercialization or commercialization 

  • Encourage reporting requirements in mutually agreed terms 

  • Encourage cost-effective communication tools 


The Protocol establishes an internationally recognized certificate of compliance as evidence that prior informed consent was obtained and mutually agreed terms established


The Protocol encourages the development, update and use of:

  • Model contractual clauses for mutually agreed terms 

  • Codes of conduct, guidelines and best practices and/or standards


How does the Nagoya Protocol address traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources?

  • With provisions on access, benefit-sharing and compliance 

  • It aims to ensure that indigenous and local communities obtain a fair share of the benefits from the use of their:

    • Traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources

    • Genetic resources, in cases where they have established rights to grant access to them, in accordance with national legislation 


By setting out clear provisions on access to traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, the Protocol will:

  • Strengthen the ability of indigenous and local communities to benefit from the use of their knowledge, innovations and practices 

  • Provide incentives for the promotion and protection of traditional knowledge 

  • Encourage the development of:

    • Community protocols, minimum requirements for mutually agreed terms and model contractual clauses 


Supporting mechanisms to assist with implementation

  • National focal points and competent national authorities: provide information, grant access and facilitate cooperation

  • Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House: a web-based information exchange mechanism

  • Capacity-building based on a country’s self assessment of national needs and priorities 

  • Awareness-raising with and among key stakeholders 

  • Technology transfer, including biotechnological research 

  • Targeted financial support for capacity-building and development initiatives through the Protocol’s financial mechanism, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) 


When will the Nagoya Protocol enter into force?

  • Open for signature at the UN Headquarters in New York from 2 February 2011 until 1 February 2012. 

  • Will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the 50th instrument of ratification by a Party to the CBD


THE OPEN STANDARDS FOR THE PRACTICE OF CONSERVATION


Principles:

  • Collaborate 

  • Involve stakeholders 

  • Use the evidence base 

  • Practice adaptive management 

  • Document decisions 

  • Foster a learning environment


EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH

  • Use evidence to inform decisions about

    • Project scope and targets

    • Target viability

    • Factors & contributing factors

    • Causal relationships

    • Outcomes: goals, threat reduction

    • Which actions to invest in 

  • Seek best available evidence 

  • Expect varying levels of confidence


ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

  • Complexity & uncertainty 

  • Are we doing the right things? 

  • Are we doing them well? 

  • Are we achieving an impact?


CONSERVATION STANDARDS

  • Assess

    • Purpose & team 

    • Scope & vision 

    • Targets & Viability 

    • Threats 

    • Conservation situation

  • Scope

    • Place-based

    • Target-based

    • Thematic