Từ vựng Chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học

Foundations and Theoretical Origins of Scientific Socialism

  • Theoretical Precursors: Scientific Socialism (Chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học) emerged from specific historical and intellectual backgrounds. The three key theoretical pillars are:     - Utopian Socialism (Chủ nghĩa xã hội không tưởng): Represented by figures such as Saint-Simon (Xanh Ximông), Charles Fourier (Sáclơ Phuriê), and Robert Owen (Rôbớt Ôoen). These thinkers critiqued the injustices of capitalism but lacked a scientific plan for transformation.     - Classical English Political Economy (Kinh tế chính trị cổ điển Anh).     - Classical German Philosophy (Triết học cổ điển Đức).

  • Natural Science Prerequisites: Three major 19th-century discoveries provided the scientific foundation for the dialectical view of the world:     - Cell Theory (Học thuyết tế bào).     - The Law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy (Định luật bảo toàn và chuyển hóa năng lượng).     - Darwin's Theory of Evolution (Học thuyết tiến hóa của Darwin).

  • The Three Integral Parts of Marxism-Leninism: Scientific Socialism is one of three constitutive parts, alongside:     - Marxist-Leninist Philosophy (Triết học Mác – Lênin).     - Marxist-Leninist Political Economy (Kinh tế chính trị Mác – Lênin).

  • Subject of Study: Scientific Socialism focuses on the specific social-political laws (quy luật chính trị - xã hội) governing the birth, formation, and development of the Communist socio-economic formation (hình thái kinh tế - xã hội cộng sản chủ nghĩa).

The Historical Mission of the Proletariat (Giai cấp công nhân)

  • Fundamental Contradiction of Capitalism: The conflict between highly socialized productive forces (lực lượng sản xuất mang tính xã hội hóa cao) and private capitalist relations of production (quan hệ sản xuất chiếm hữu tư nhân tư bản chủ nghĩa).

  • Defining Characteristics of the Working Class:     - They are the primary product and the leading force of modern industry.     - In a capitalist system, they lack means of production and are forced to sell their labor power (sức lao động).     - They are the most advanced and progressive class due to their ties with modern technology.

  • Content of the Historical Mission:     - Economic: To serve as the core force in socialized production and lead the transition to public ownership.     - Social-Political: To overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie (giai cấp tư sản), abolish oppression and exploitation, and establish the Dictatorship of the Proletariat (Chuyên chính vô sản).

  • Founding Documents and Theories:     - The Communist Manifesto (1848): Marks the birth of Scientific Socialism, declaring the proletariat as the "grave-diggers" of capitalism.     - The Theory of Surplus Value (Học thuyết giá trị thặng dư): Provides the economic rationale for the historical mission of the working class.     - Historical Materialism (Chủ nghĩa duy vật lịch sử): Provides the scientific worldview and methodology to understand the inevitable decline of capitalism.

Key Works of Marxism-Leninism

  • Anti-Dühring (Chống Đuyrinh): Considered the most comprehensive work providing the theoretical basis for Scientific Socialism.

  • Manifesto of the Communist Party (Tuyên ngôn của Đảng cộng sản): The first programmatic document of the international communist movement.

  • Das Kapital (Bộ tư bản): The work where Karl Marx theoretically established the historical mission of the proletariat via the analysis of capital and labor.

  • The Condition of the Working Class in England (Tình cảnh giai cấp công nhân Anh): Early work by Ph. Engels describing the hardships of workers.

  • The State and Revolution: V.I. Lenin's core work regarding the socialist state.

Socialism and the Transition Period

  • Nature of the Transition: It is a complex process of building a new society while liquidating the remnants of the old (capitalist) society.

  • Characteristics of the Socialist State:     - It is a "half-state" (nửa nhà nước) because it represents the majority and eventually withers away.     - It serves as a tool for the people to exercise power.

  • Strategic Alliances: The success of the socialist revolution depends on the Alliance between the Working Class, the Peasantry, and the Intellectuals (Liên minh công - nông - trí hữu).

  • Revolutionary Goals: The ultimate goal is the complete liberation of society and individuals from all forms of oppression (giải phóng xã hội, giải phóng con người).

Socialist Democracy and the Political System

  • Democracy as a State Form: It is a mechanism for exercising the power of the working class and the laboring people.

  • Evolution of Democracy:     - Primitive Communal (Primitive Democracy).     - Slave-owning (First class-based democracy).     - Feudalism (Absence of democracy for the masses).     - Capitalism (Bourgeois democracy).     - Socialism (Proletarian or Socialist democracy).

  • Ho Chi Minh's View on Democracy: "Democracy means the people are the masters, and the Government is the faithful servant of the people."

  • Vietnam's Political System: Innovation (Đổi mới) focuses on changing the methods and organizational structure of the political system while maintaining the socialist path.

Ethnic, Religious, and Family Issues in Socialism

  • Lenin's National Program (Cương lĩnh dân tộc):     1. All nations have the right to absolute equality.     2. All nations have the right to self-determination.     3. Internationalist union of workers from all nations.

  • Religion:     - Seen as a system of beliefs in supernatural forces to seek protection or help.     - Under socialism, religious policies emphasize freedom of belief, non-belief, and the unity of religious and non-religious people for the common goal of national independence and socialism.     - Superstition (Mê tín): Defined as blind, irrational belief in supernatural or absurd connections without scientific basis.

  • The Family (Gia đình):     - Foundations: Marriage (hôn nhân) and blood relations (huyết thống).     - Functions: Procreation/Reproduction of humans, education, economic and emotional support.     - Socialist Family Construction: Requires the abolition of private property, establishment of public ownership, and the liberation of women through social-economic development.     - Vietnam Family Day: Celebrated on June 28 (28/6).

Historical Figures and Organizations

  • Key Leaders: Karl Marx (C.Mác), Friedrich Engels (Ph.Ăngghen), Vladimir Lenin (V.I.Lênin), Joseph Stalin (Stalin), Ho Chi Minh (Hồ Chí Minh).

  • International Workingmen's Association: Known as the First International (Quốc tế I).

  • Conditions for Proletarian Party Formation: Marxism + Working Class Movement = Communist Party. In Vietnam, the formula updated by Ho Chi Minh includes: Marxism-Leninism + Working Class Movement + Patriotic Movement = Communist Party of Vietnam.