Composition of Blood and Hematopoeisis
Page 3
Title: Learning Objectives
Identify components of blood: both cellular and non-cellular.
Outline haemopoiesis, including sites and key requirements for normal cell production.
Describe appearance, structure, and function of erythrocytes and leucocytes.
Name routine laboratory tests for blood parameters and use correct terminology for common blood cell abnormalities.
Page 4
Title: Session Outline
Topics include:
Composition of blood
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leucocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Page 5
Title: Composition of Blood
Visual Representation: Composition breakdown of blood.
Page 6
Title: Components of Blood
Key Components:
Liquid Plasma:
Composed of water, proteins, metabolites, nutrients.
Formed Elements:
Cellular:
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Platelets
Page 7
Title: Blood Composition
Breakdown of cellular components of blood:
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells (RBCs)
Leucocytes: White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets: Thrombocytes
Page 8
Title: Cellularity and Sites of Haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis Sites:
Prenatal: Yolk sac, Liver, Spleen
Postnatal: Bone marrow, Vertebral and pelvis, Sternum, Ribs, Lymph nodes, Femur
Key Nutrients Required: Iron, Vitamin B12, Folic acid.
Page 9
Title: Haematopoiesis Process
Involves multipotential haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs):
Differentiate into common myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, leading to various blood cells including erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets.
Page 10
Title: Regulation of Haematopoiesis
Factors influencing stem cell differentiation include various interleukins and growth factors.
Page 11
Title: Erythrocytes Overview
Characteristics: Biconcave discs (7-8μm diameter, 2μm thick), anucleate, crucial for gas transport.
Page 12
Title: Structure of Erythrocytes
Lifespan: 3-5 days, released into circulation.
Page 13
Title: Haemoglobin Composition
Each RBC contains approx. 64 million Hb molecules, composed of 4 globin chains with a heme group.
Page 14
Title: Globin Chain Synthesis
Overview of globin chain synthesis across various developmental stages (Prenatal to Postnatal).
Page 15
Title: Iron Metabolism
Daily dietary iron intake, transport and storage mechanisms including transferrin and ferritin.
Page 16
Title: Erythrocyte Metabolism
Metabolic pathways utilized for ATP production, primarily glycolysis through Embden-Meyerhof anaerobic pathway.
Page 17
Title: Oxygen Transport and Affinity
Affinity changes in hemoglobin due to pH, temp, and 2-3 BPG levels (left and right shifts indicated).
Page 18
Title: Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin as a regulator, ensuring RBC production matches loss and oxygen delivery is maintained.
Page 19
Title: Hemoglobin Degradation
Pathway of hemoglobin breakdown and recycling of components (bilirubin, iron).
Page 20
Title: Summary of Hemoglobin Breakdown
Similar content reiterated from previous page for emphasis.
Page 21
Title: Erythrocyte Abnormalities
Common issues include structural defects of membranes, hemoglobin chain defects, and enzyme deficiencies.
Page 22
Title: Anaemia Overview
Classification by decreased red cell/Hb production or increased destruction/loss due to various factors.
Page 23
Title: Increased Hemoglobin Levels
Possible causes include lung/heart diseases, dehydration, high altitude living.
Page 24
Title: Examples of Erythrocyte Abnormalities
Discusses impacts of various structural and metabolic abnormalities on RBC lifespan.
Page 25
Title: Leucocytes Overview
Similar to erythrocytes, presents a detailed breakdown of white blood cell types and their functions.
Page 26
Title: Leucocyte Development
From haematopoietic stem cells, various leucocyte types are produced (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, etc.).
Page 27
Title: Tissue Distribution
Leucocytes exist in circulation and migrate into tissues for immune response.
Page 28
Title: Regulation of Leucopoiesis
Signaling factors that promote differentiation and proliferation of white blood cells.
Page 29
Title: Leucocyte Abnormalities
Includes leucopenia and leucocytosis, with specific conditions leading to counts above or below normal ranges.
Page 30
Title: Examples of Leucocyte Count Changes
Various diseases that alter neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts.
Page 31
Title: Thrombocytes Overview
Brief overview of platelets and the process of thrombopoiesis from megakaryocytes.
Page 32
Title: Megakaryocytes in Thrombopoiesis
Discusses thrombopoietin's role in regulating platelet production via megakaryocyte fragmentation.
Page 33
Title: Platelet Abnormalities
Focuses on conditions that alter platelet number and functionality.
Page 34
Title: Full Blood Count Parameters
Key hematological parameters measured: RCC, Hb, MCV, etc.
Page 35
Title: Normal Reference Ranges for Blood
Standard reference ranges for adults related to various blood components.
Page 36
Title: Automated Instrument Reports
Overview and interpretation of a typical blood count report from an automated analysis.
Page 37
Title: Sample FBC Report
Illustrating specific results and ranges regarding blood cell counts and parameters.
Page 38
Title: Peripheral Blood Film
Visual representation and morphology of different blood cell types observed in a peripheral blood smear.
Page 39
Title: Course Summary
Blood composition and functions, the regulation of haemopoiesis by cytokines, importance of FBE, and impacts of abnormalities on blood cell development.