SOCSCI PERIODICAL REVIEW
SLIDES 1: FACTORS THAT LET TO WW1
Militarism
Army and military forces are given a high profile by the government
EU was dividing, which led to an arms race between the main countries
France and Germany’s armies doubled
Britain and Germany competed for mastery of the seas
Britain had introduced the dreadnought battleship
Alliances
Agreement made between two or more countries to give each other help if needed
Germany made alliances so that France would be isolated and would not have any alliances to gain back Alsace and Lorraine from the Germans
Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Italy, & Germany
He tried to ally with Russia but it was weak since Austria and Russia were enemies
France was threatened so they wanted to form their own alliance
Entente Cordiale: France & Britain
Meaning friendly understanding
Since they feared Germany, Britain and Russia formed their own alliance
Triple Entente: France, Britain, & Russia
Germany and AH formed an alliance to protect themselves from Russia
AH made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia from controlling Serbia
Triple Alliance was formed so Italy won’t side with Russia
Russia formed an alliance with France for protection against Germany and AH
Entente Cordiale was formed
Britain and Russia formed the agreement of alliance
Triple Entente was formed
Nationalism
Being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one’s country
The Congress of Vienna left Germany and Italy as divided states.
Nationalism re-united the countries
France was angry because the war had given Alsace-Lorraine to Germany
Russian Pan-Slavists wanted Russia to rule over the Slavs of EU
Imperialism
When a country takes over lands and makes them subject to their rule
Assassination
Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
He was a member of the Black Hand Movement
Aimed to rid Bosnia of Austrian Rule
Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo
Austria sent Serbia demands saying that if Serbia didn’t accept, Austria would declare war
Austria declared war on Serbia
Russia ordered full mobilization of its forces
Germany declared war on France, Russia’s ally
Germany invaded Belgium
Britain joined the war to grant Belgian neutrality and as the ally of France and Russia
Austria declared war on Russia
Western Front
Region in Northern France where long and bloody stalemates were fought
Germany devised the Schlieffen Plan where they would first have to defeat France in the west, then east to Russia
They failed because Russia was too fast
Eastern Front
Battlefield along the Germans and Russia
Trench Warfare
Warfare in which opposing armed forces attack, counterattack, and defend
Involvement of Other Countries
Italy
Sided with the Allies
Japan
Sided with Britain
Took over the German Sphere of Influence on the Shantung Peninsula
Ottoman Empire
Prevented the allies from reaching Russia by planting mines in Dardanelles
Africa
British and French troops controlled Togoland and Cameroon
The United States
President Woodrow Wilson announced a policy of neutrality, which they could not follow through with because:
They sided with France and Britain because they were democratic
They feared authoritarian government
They were anti-German
Arthur Zimmermann tried to make an alliance with Mexico, but was caught by Britain
US declared war on Germany
Impact of World War I
Total War
Large scale and extent of fighting where millions of men were mobilized to fight around the world
Civilians needed to fight from the home front
There was no proper control of the economy due to the rationing and essential supplies needing to be produced and distributed
Government Propaganda
French needed to defend liberty, justice and reason
Germans were defending their superior culture
Legacies of War
League of Nations was established to promote long-lasting peace
At present, we now have the United Nations
Due to the war, there were many advancements in technology due to each country’s fear of inferiority in their militarism. Many warfare materials were produced and further built upon such as radios and different telecommunication tools. With time, nations devoted themselves to developing technology that would help them advance from their post-war state.
Armistice Day
The great war ended on the 11th our of the 11th day of the 11th month.
Civic Nationalism
National identity defined by shared civic and political values
Ethnic Nationalism
Defined by ethnic identity which includes a common language, culture, ethnic ancestry
Disruptive Nationalism
Includes people under domination who want national independence
Aggressive Nationalism
Includes an act of aggression between two or more nations that differ in ideas
Contemporary Nationalism
Any nationalistic events that come after the end of WW1
Alexander III
Wanted to suppress all revolutions and unify Russia through promotion of own language
Nationalism in Russia
Bloody Sunday Massacre
Protest against monarchy
Russian Revolution
In response to series of protests
February Revolution
People clamoring for bread went to the streets of Petrograd to revolt alongside industrial workers
Alexander Kerensky established the liberal program of rights and continued the Russian war efforts.
October Revolution
Made to revolt against the Duma’s provisional government and was led by Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party
Russian Revolution
Red Army
Fought for the Bolshevik Government
White Army
Monarchists, capitalists, and supporters of democratic socialism
The Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks
Karl Marx
German philosopher whose political and economic ideas influenced leaders to seek reform
Another term for the czars leading the country was “the dictatorship of the proletariat”
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks
“Peace, Land, Bread”
Planned to revive the economy because he went into power post-war
New Economic Policy wherein
Peasants were allowed to engage in small scale businesses
Renamed Russia to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
Renamed Bolshevik party to the Communist Party
Joseph Stalin
His name meant man of steel
Was a dictator through his campaign the Great Purge
He had lots of involvement in reforms but I wouldn’t really consider him a great leader (not that he was one in the first place but I think there’s a lot of discourse on him being a strong dictator too). He made lots of contributions towards the improvement of the USSR military forces which helped them beat Nazi Germany but he was responsible for many deaths, especially during the Great Purge
Idk this guy really sucks
Sun Yat Sen
Overthrew the Qing Dynasty with the Nationalist Party
Mao Zedong
Founder of the Chinese Communist Party
Mohandas Gandhi
Leader of the Indian Revolution
Reza Shah Pahlavi
Changed Persia to Iran
YEARS OF CRISIS
Roaring Twenties
Where the US experienced decadence, optimism, and prosperity. They invested in the stock market because they believed their value would increase.
The Great Depression
The era wherein there was overproduction in the market where it led to the decrease of stock value. Banks were also hugely affected and depositors were devalued
Leon Blum
Founder of the Popular Front
Wanted to nationalize France’s economy
Treaty of Versailles
A treaty stating that Germany was at fault for the atrocities in the war and must pay back France, Belgium, and EU. Once they couldn’t pay, they occupied the Ruhr Valley—Germany’s coal and steel producing heartland.
Weimar Republic
The unemployment, economic inactivity, and printing of money without value that led to hyperinflation in Germany.
FACTORS THAT LED TO WORLD WAR 2
Treaty of Versailles
Germany experienced an economic collapse due to them having to pay the Allied powers the reparations. Their territories were distributed to the Allies.
Economic Depression
An era wherein the world experienced economic turmoil which led to political and social instabilities.
Fascism
An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system wherein it implies an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader and focuses on nation and race over individual rights.
Benito Mussolini
The very first fascist leader who is Italian. Invaded Ethiopia and Albania
Adolf Hitler
A German fascist leader influenced by Mussolini and took absolute power
Emperor Hirohito Akihito
Spread the ideology of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
German Militarism
Nazi Party rose into power wherein Hitler offered hope to the Germans to restore their economy after the Treaty of Versailles—which he disregarded along with the League of Nations. He began to pose his power by acquiring Austria and Czechoslovakia
Timeline of Events
Germany and Italy announced the Rome-Berlin Axis
Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact (ACP) against SU
Italy joined ACP
Germany and Italy signed Pact of Steel
Hitler invaded Poland so GB and France declared war on Germany
Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact and became known as the Axis Alliance
60 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust
Hitler ordered the invasion of Russia known as Operation Barbarossa
Kristallnacht
German Nazis attacked Jewish people and property. This name refers to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these.
Japan’s Militarism
Hirohito Akihito rose as a leader and led the industrialization in Japan. This led to them occupying many lands.
The Great Acceleration
First Industrial Revolution
Textile manufacturing shifted from handmade to mechanized
Workers revolted but transportation, communication, and banking improved
Second Industrial Revolution
Electricity led to the introduction of airplanes and automobiles.
Iron was replaced by steel
The first radio wave transmission across the Atlantic Ocean happened
Third Industrial Revolution
The digital revolution—birth of computers, mobile phones, etc.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
AI, nanotech, biotech, robotics. Fusion of physical, digital and biological.