PLTW HBS - Final Exam Review

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Medial - towards the midline of the body

lateral - away from the midline of the body

proximal - closest to the point of attachment

distal - furthest from the point of attachment

ventral/anterior - on the frontal side of the body

dorsal/posteroir - on the back side of the body

superior - above

inferior - below

superficial - towards the surface of the skin

deep - away from the sorfuace of the skin

REGIONAL TERMS

frontal - the forehead/frontal muscle

buccal - cheek

oral - the mouth

mental - chin?

axillary - armpit

brachial - upper arm/humerus

antecubital - inner elbow

antebrachial - forearm/before brachial

carpal - wrist

palmar - palm

digits - fingers/toes - phalanges

patellar - knee

crural - shin

tarsal - ankle

oculus - eye

nasal - nose

cervical - neck

sternal - sternum

pectoral - chest

mammary - breast

abdominal - abdomen

umbilical - belly button

coxal - hip

pelvic - upper pelvis

inguinal - groin

pubic - lower pelvis

femoral - femur

cephalic - crown of head

acromial - shoulder

dorsal - the back

lumbar - lower back

sacral - lowest back

gluteal - glutes

popliteal - behind the knee

sural - calf

calcaneal - heel

plantar - bottom of foot

PLANES

saggital - vertical midline of the body

transverse - horizontal midline

coronal - front/back

PARTS OF THE PELVIS

iliac crest

ilium

ischium

pubis

sacrum

coccyx

BONES OF THE SKULL

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

nasal

sphenoid

mastoid process

maxilla

mandible

zygomatic arch/ridge

MUSCLES

skeletal muscle - striated, multinucleated, voluntary

smooth muscle - nonstriated, involuntary, internal organs

cardiac muscle - striated, uninucleated, involuntary, wall of heart

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

Myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross bridges

myosin heads rotate toward the center of the sarcomere (power stroke)

as myosin heads bind to ATO, the cross bridges detach from actin

Myosin heads split ATP and become reoriented and energized

MUSCLE LAYERS

epimysium - outermost layer of muscle

perimysium - outer covering of the fascicle

endomysium - inner layer of fascicle

muscle fiber - component of fascicle

fascicle - segment of muscle

KNEE LIGAMENT TESTS

Anterior Drawer Test - with the knee flexed 90 degrees, the proximal tibia is pulled anteriorly - joint laxity or excessive looseness in the knee joint is a positive test result

Posterior Drawer Test - with the knee flexed at 90 degrees, the tibia is pushed posteriorly - joint laxity or excessive looseness in the knee joint is a positive test result

Valgus Stress Test - with the knee at approximately 30 degrees and the femur held stable, the tibia is rotated medially so the knee is placed in a valgus position - joint laxity or excessive looseness is a positive test result

Varus Stress Test - with the knee flexed approximately 30 degrees and the femur held fixed, the tibia is rotated laterally - joint laxity or excessive looseness in the knee joint is a positive test result

NERVOUS SYSTEM

central nervous system (CNS) - the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - nerves of the rest of the body

BRAIN

gyrus - the top of the brain ridges

sulcus - the creases of brain ridges

MAJOR NERVES

Spinal serves - within the spine

sciatic nerve - the medial thigh

brachial plexus - starts by the clavicle

radial nerve - the thumbside of the arm

median nerve - middle of forearm

ulnar nerve - pinky side of arm