PA - Rise of Dictatorships

| Country | Conditions that allowed dictators to rise to power | | --- | --- | | Italy | ◦ WWI men coming back and not having a place in society anymore ▪ Paramilitary groups formed; Mussolini's Black shirt squad were made up of many WWI veterans   ◦ New political parties -- more people voting as all adult males were granted right to vote after WWI ▪ 6 changes of gov. from 1919-1922 ▪ Fragmented party politics

    ▪ 1919-1920 were known as
     Italy's 'Two Red Years' due to widespread conflict. This includes more
     than 1500 strikes per year, looting of shops by crowds, peasant
     seizure of land -- Unstable 
        • economic fear of
      communism 

◦ Post war economic collapse

    ▪ Mussolini emphasised on
     national unity, authority and order 

◦ Popularist leader using cult of personality ▪ Aligning himself with great Roman Empire/Republic -- Sulla and Augustus         | | Russia | ◦ Revolution and political instability   ◦ Cult of personality   ◦ Post war economic collapse ▪ Bolsheviks promising bread and land             | | Japan | ◦ The Great Depression worsened living conditions ▪ Gov. reassured the people they would get more land and resources ◦ Angry because of the Treaty of Versailles           || Country | Conditions that allowed dictators to rise to power | | --- | --- | | Italy | ◦ WWI men coming back and not having a place in society anymore ▪ Paramilitary groups formed; Mussolini's Black shirt squad were made up of many WWI veterans   ◦ New political parties -- more people voting as all adult males were granted right to vote after WWI ▪ 6 changes of gov. from 1919-1922 ▪ Fragmented party politics

    ▪ 1919-1920 were known as
     Italy's 'Two Red Years' due to widespread conflict. This includes more
     than 1500 strikes per year, looting of shops by crowds, peasant
     seizure of land -- Unstable 
        • economic fear of
      communism 

◦ Post war economic collapse

    ▪ Mussolini emphasised on
     national unity, authority and order 

◦ Popularist leader using cult of personality ▪ Aligning himself with great Roman Empire/Republic -- Sulla and Augustus         | | Russia | ◦ Revolution and political instability   ◦ Cult of personality   ◦ Post war economic collapse ▪ Bolsheviks promising bread and land             | | Japan | ◦ The Great Depression worsened living conditions ▪ Gov. reassured the people they would get more land and resources ◦ Angry because of the Treaty of Versailles           |

    ▪ October 1921, Mussolini formally established the National Fascist party 
    ▪ 1922, 20,000 black shirts 'Marched on Rome' leading King Vittorio Emmanuelle II appointed him as Prime Minister 

| ◦ Bolsheviks Party ◦ Lenin 1917-1924 ◦ Stalin emerges from 1924-1953 | ◦ Not single dictatorship -> More of a military dictatorship from 1930s (there was an emperor, Hirohito around whom a cult of personality was fostered. He reigned but did not rule like a figurehead) ◦ Tojo -- key military leader | | Form of dictatorship | ▪ authoritarian | - Totalitarianism | ◦ Militarism ◦ Authoritarian regime | | Ideology     | ▪ Fascism • Desire for national rebirth through revolution • Rejection of Enlightenment notion • Creation of society which transcends class barriers • Need for totalitarian control • Anti-internationalism  • Eclectic   | ◦ Communism 1. Leninism 2. Stalinism | ◦ Militarism ◦ Imperialism ◦ Nationalism | | Policies | ▪ Creation of 'The Corporate State' to establish harmony between capital and labour = therefor maximize production • Encompassed political and economic spheres when Mussolini abolished parliamentary representation based on geography replacing it with 13 corporations (6 employers, 6 employees, and one of professional) • Getting rid of parliamentary democracy ▪ Social policies aimed to create 'A New Man' -- Devoted fascist principles -- and 'A New Women' -- Dedicating to rearing children • Youth groups were created both boys and girls to indoctrinate them in fascist ideology ▪ Wanted to build an Empire • Italy had colonies in North Africa e.g. Somaliland and Libya • Invaded Abyssinia/Ethiopia in 1935 and annexed Albania in 1939 ▪ Leaving League of Nations in 1937 • Alliance with Nazi Germany in 1936 and the provision of assistance to fascist groups in the Spanish Civil War       | ▪ Not initially admitted into the League of Nations ▪ Children were indoctrinated with his thoughts from early years and grew to view him as god like • Young Communism league • Advancement in any area of life was impossible without open and willing adulation of Stalin • Textbooks were carefully vetted and an 'official' version of the history since the 1917 Revolution became compulsory reading ▪ 'Social Realism' • Present inner feelings, no room for self-indulgence • All to celebrate building a Soviet • Opposed religion ▪ 5 year plans sponsored by the state introduced in 1928 • Focus on developing infrastructure, industry, and agriculture -- all under state control • Much of the Soviets Union economic success was achieved with the use of state terror against peasants and workers along with enthusiasm for Russia's economic transformation     | ◦ Expansionist foreign policy ▪ 1931-- Annexed Manchuria ▪ 1933 -- Left league of nations | | Methods of Control         | ▪ Cult of personality -> Il Duce • Aligning himself to Ancient Rome and Augustus • Glorified the Ancient Rome -- celebrates the Birth of Augusts as a way to reinforce his own leadership and instill a pride in contemporary Italians by reminding them the power of the Roman past • Commemorations for Augustus included a year-long museum exhibition, the release of special postages stamps and coins, the reconstruction of Augustan buildings and the publications of academic journals • Funds archaeological excavations • Manipulating past for present day purpose • Hypermasculine ▪ Exploiting changes and fear within economic and social challenges after WWI  • Fear of communism ▪ Mass arrests • Controlled press and used political police to suppress potential threats ▪ New protocols and symbols were introduced to create a sense of national pride and unity, including compulsory fascist salute and uniforms for the civil service           | ◦ 'Social Realism' ▪ Present inner feelings, no room for self-indulgence ▪ All to celebrate building a Soviet ◦ Controlled party machine which ensured that thousands of party officials owed their jobs to mean, meaning he always had the numbers when it came to crucial votes ◦ Personality cult ▪ Statues ▪ Portraits ▪ Constantly quotes ▪ Composers wrote music in style he likes ◦ Propaganda for economic and social achievements ▪ Controlled all education and media ▪ Newspaper called Pravola ◦ Use of terror ▪ Any form of disloyalty could face time in Stalin's labour camps -- Gulags -- or death ▪ Secret police -- NKVD, then cold war KBG ▪ Stalin purges -- political opponents executed [around 1930] | ◦ Propaganda and cult of personality ◦ Censorship ◦ Education controlled + changed to reinforce policies ▪ ''correct values'' to indoctrinate the people with a love of the Emperor ◦ Secret police -- Tokko ▪ Control people ◦ Industrial boom ▪ Expansionist foreign policy ◦ Impact of the Great Depression followed becomes a greater motivator for the expansionist ▪ Radicalism army and increasing support within armed services for an expansionist foreign policy ▪ Rationalization of food |