Chapter 10

Analgesic Drugs

Can cancer pain be acute or chronic?

  • It can BOTH, one or the other

What are some examples of central pain?

  • tumors

  • trauma

  • inflammation

  • disease affecting CNS tissues

What does opioid tolerance mean?

  • state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug causes changes in drug receptors that result in reduced drug effects over time.

What’s another name for opioids in law?

  • Narcotics

Adverse effects of Opioids

  • Constipation: Opioids decrease gastrointestinal (GI) tract peristalsis because of their central nervous system (CNS) depression, with subsequent constipation as an adverse effect. Stool becomes excessively dehydrated because it remains in the GI tract longer

  • Nausea and Vomiting

  • Sedation and Mental Clouding: Any change in mental status must always be evaluated to ensure that causes other than drug-related CNS depression are ruled out. Respiratory depression is strongly associated with excessive sedation. Preventive measures: Safety

    precautions implemented. Persistent drug-related sedation may be managed

    with a decrease in the dosage of opioid or change in drug used. The

  • Respiratory Depression

  • Subacute Overdose

  • Dry mouth, urinary retention, pruritus, dysphoria, euphoria, sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction

Opioid Drugs

Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects:

Indications:

Contraindications:

Adverse Effects:

Interactions:

OPIOD DRUGS CLASS

OPIOD AGONIST

  • Codeine sulfate

  • fentanyl

  • hydromorphone

  • meperidine hydrochloride

  • methadone hydrochloride

  • morphine sulfate

  • oxycodone hydrochloride

OPIOD ANTAGONIST

  • naloxone hydrochloride

NONOPIOID AND MISCELLANEOUS ANALGESICS

Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects:

Contraindications:

Adverse Effects:

Interactions:

Drugs of Nonopiod

  • acetaminophen

  • tramadol hydrochloride

  • lidocaine, transdermal

Evaluation (Client Education)