Alleles | Alternative forms of a gene that result in different traits. |
Artificial selection (selective breeding) | The process of intentionally choosing and breeding organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring with those traits. |
Asexual reproduction | Type of reproduction that involves only one parent, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. |
Chromosomes | Thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information in the form of DNA. They contain genes, which are the units of heredity responsible for specific traits. |
Dominant allele | An allele that is expressed or observed as a trait when present in either one or both copies in an individual's genotype. It masks the expression of a recessive allele when both are present. |
DNA | Molecule present in all living things; contains the genetic information that determines the traits that an organism inherits and needs to live |
Fertilization | Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. |
Gametes | Reproductive cells, such as sperm and eggs, that carry half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of an organism. |
Gene | A segment of DNA and the basic units of heredity that determine the traits and characteristics of an organism. |
Genetics | The branch of biology that studies how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. |
Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism, which includes the combination of alleles present for a particular trait. |
Heredity | The passing on of traits from parents to offspring through genetic information. |
Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a particular gene. One allele is dominant, and the other is recessive. |
Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a particular gene. It can be either homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles) or homozygous recessive (two recessive alleles). |
Hybrid | Offspring resulting from the breeding of two different individuals or varieties. Also known as heterozygous. |
Meiosis | Cell division which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. |
Mitosis | Cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells. |
Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome. |
Phenotype | The observable physical characteristics of an organism. |
Purebred | An organism that has a homozygous genotype for a particular trait. Both alleles for the trait are the same, either dominant or recessive. |
Punnett Square | Diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring resulting from a cross between two individuals. |
Recessive Allele | An allele that is expressed as a trait only when present in two copies (homozygous recessive) in an individual's genotype. It is masked by a dominant allele when both are present. |
Selective breeding | Intentionally breeding organisms with desirable traits. See artificial selection. |
Sexual reproduction | Type of reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes from two parents to produce offspring leading to increased genetic variation. |
Trait | A specific characteristic or feature of an organism that can be inherited or acquired. |
Inherited trait | A trait that is passed down from parents to offspring through genetic information. |
Acquired trait | A trait that is not inherited but is developed or acquired during an individual's lifetime. |
Variation | Differences or diversity among individuals of the same species. |
Nucleus | A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA. |
Offspring | The new individuals that are produced as a result of reproduction. |
Clone/Cloning | The process of creating an identical copy of an organism or a specific gene. |
Codominance | When both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the phenotype of an individual. |
Genome | The complete set of genetic material or DNA present in an organism |
Karyotype | A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs according to their size and shape. |
Pedigree | A diagram or chart that shows the genetic relationships within a family over multiple generations. |
Sex-linked | Traits or genes that are located on the sex chromosomes. |
Dihybrid | An individual or a cross involving two different traits or genes. |
Monohybrid | An individual or a cross involving a single trait or gene. |
Gene therapy | A medical technique that involves the modification of genes in an individual's cells to treat or prevent genetic disorders. |
Incomplete dominance | When one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. |
RNA | A nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis (making) of proteins. |
Haploid | Cells that contain one complete set of chromosomes. |
Diploid | Cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes. |
Probability | The likelihood that an event is going to occur. |
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