Easy Bio Notes

Active Transport: Energy needed, moves low → high.

Passive Transport: No energy, moves high → low.

Osmosis: Water moves low to high solute.

Diffusion: Molecules move high to low.

Hypertonic: High solute outside; cell shrinks.

Hypotonic: Low solute outside; cell swells.

Isotonic: Same solute; cell stays the same.

Photosynthesis: Sun + CO₂ + water → sugar + oxygen.

Dermal Tissue: Outer layer, protects plant.

Ground Tissue: Inside plant, supports, stores, photosynthesis.

Vascular Tissue: Xylem = water, Phloem = food.

Cuticle: Waxy layer, prevents water loss.

Upper Epidermis: Top skin, protects leaf.

Palisade Mesophyll: Top layer, photosynthesis happens.

Vein: Xylem + Phloem, transport.

Lower Epidermis: Bottom skin, has stomata.

Spongy Mesophyll: Air spaces, gas exchange.

Guard Cells: Open/close stomata.

Stomata: Pores, let CO₂ in and O₂ out.

Transpiration: Water loss from leaves.

Transport (H₂O/Glucose): Xylem = water up, Phloem = sugar down.

Phototropism: Grow toward light.

Gravitropism: Grow with/against gravity.

Hydrotropism: Grow toward water.

Auxins: Hormones for growth and bending.

Root System: Underground, takes in water and nutrients, holds plant in place.

Shoot System: Above ground, includes stems, leaves, flowers, supports plant and makes food.

Open System: Exchanges stuff (water, air, nutrients) with the environment.

SURFACE AREA=STUDY