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Question: When does mitosis occur in a diplobiontic life cycle? Answer: Mitosis occurs after fertilization (syngamy) and after meiosis in a diplobiontic life cycle.

Question: By what type of division do gametes arise in a diplobiontic life cycle? Answer: Gametes arise by mitosis in a diplobiontic life cycle.

Question: What kind of life cycle is displayed by the modern algal descendants of the last common ancestor with land plants? Answer: The modern algal descendants of the last common ancestor with land plants display a haplobiontic-haploid life cycle.

Question: What cellular feature is common between a relatively small group of algae and land plants? Answer:The phragmoplast is a cellular feature common to a relatively small group of algae and land plants.

Question: Of the four major adaptations characterizing the various groups of land plants, which is common to all of the groups? Answer: Embryos are common to all groups of land plants.

Question: Where does meiosis occur in a moss? Answer: Meiosis occurs in the capsule of the sporophyte in a moss.

Question: Where do you find stomata in mosses? Answer: Stomata are found in the sporophyte of mosses.

Question: Which generation is the persistent, predominant generation in liverworts? Answer: The gametophyte generation is persistent and predominant in liverworts.

Question: A moss spore germinates to produce a protonema. What is the ploidy of the protonema? Answer: The protonema is haploid.

Question: What structures provide anchorage for the gametophyte? Answer: Rhizoids provide anchorage for the gametophyte.

Question: These cells found in mosses are not true vascular tissue cells, but have a similar function to the tracheids of vascular plants. Answer: Hydroids in mosses function similarly to tracheids in vascular plants.

Question: What structures produce the egg in bryophytes? Answer: Archegonia produce the egg in bryophytes.

Question: Which group of bryophytes features the most persistent sporophyte? Answer: Hornworts have the most persistent sporophyte among bryophytes.

Question: Where does meiosis occur in a lycophyte? Answer: Meiosis occurs in the sporangia of a lycophyte.

Question: Which generation is the persistent, predominant generation in lycopods (club mosses)? Answer: The sporophyte generation is persistent and predominant in lycopods.

Question: Of the four major adaptations characterizing the land plants, which appeared first in the club mosses?Answer: The vascular system appeared first in club mosses.

Question: In a free-sporing plant, what are the spores actually dispersing? Answer: Spores disperse the gametophyte in free-sporing plants.

Question: Some lycophyte gametophytes are subterranean. How do they live since they can't photosynthesize underground? Answer: Subterranean lycophyte gametophytes have mycorrhizal associations with fungi that provide them with nutritional support.

Question: The sporophylls in the strobilus of Lycopodium are what type of leaf? Answer: The sporophylls in the strobilus of Lycopodium are microphylls.

Question: In which group of plants do we first encounter true roots? Answer: Lycopods are the first group of plants with true roots.

Question: What is a difference between heterospory as found in Selaginella and heterospory in seed plants?Answer: In Selaginella, the megaspore is dispersed, while in seed plants, the megaspore is retained by the sporophyte.

Question: In what life phase is sex determined in a heterosporous plant? Answer: Sex is determined in the sporophyte phase of a heterosporous plant.

Question: What term describes gametophyte development in heterosporous plants? Answer: Endosporic development describes gametophyte development in heterosporous plants.

Question: Most ferns are homosporous. True or False? Answer: True.

Question: What is the ploidy of the fern prothallus? Answer: The fern prothallus is haploid (N).

Question: Fern spores can germinate to give rise to gametophytes with both antheridia and archegonia, or just antheridia, or just archegonia. A gametophyte with archegonia can secrete antheridiogens that will induce subsequent spores to germinate and produce gametophytes with antheridia. Based upon those observations, in what life phase of ferns do you think sex determination occurs? Answer: Sex determination in ferns likely occurs in the gametophyte phase.

Question: Which of the following characterizes ferns? I. Sporophyte dominant; II. Gametophyte dominant; III. Sporophyte depends upon the gametophyte for nutrition; IV. Gametophyte depends upon the sporophyte for nutrition; V. Gametophytes live independently from the sporophyte. Answer: I, V. Ferns have a dominant sporophyte generation, and the gametophytes live independently from the sporophyte.

Question: What kind of leaves are fern fronds? Answer: Fern fronds are megaphylls.

Question: What kinds of leaves are found in Equisetum? Answer: Equisetum have microphylls that resulted from the reduction of megaphylls in an ancestral taxon.

Question: Of the four major adaptations characterizing the land plants, which is common to the gymnosperms and angiosperms but absent from other groups? Answer: Seeds are common to gymnosperms and angiosperms but absent from other groups.

Question: From pollination to fertilization in pines takes 1-2 years. That is a long time for a pine microgametophyte to survive. How does it obtain nutrition? Answer: Pine microgametophytes use the nucellus (megasporangium) as a food source.

Question: What type of leaves are pine needles? Answer: Pine needles are their own special kind of leaf.

Question: Which of the following is present in Pinophyta? (A) Antheridia; (B) Archegonia; (C) Both; (D) NeitherAnswer: (B) Archegonia.

Question: If flagellated sperm cells are present in a land plant life cycle, it will always be true that the plant depends upon water for fertilization to occur. True or False? Answer: False. While some plants with flagellated sperm rely on water for fertilization, some gymnosperms have flagellated sperm but do not require water for fertilization.

Question: What represents the megagametophyte in seed plants? Answer: The embryo sac represents the megagametophyte in seed plants.

Question: In which floral whorl would you encounter the megasporophylls? Answer: You would encounter megasporophylls in the carpel whorl (gynoecium).

Question: From what does the female gametophyte develop in seed plants? Answer: The female gametophyte develops from the megaspore in seed plants.

Question: By what kind of nuclear division is the egg cell produced in angiosperms? Answer: The egg cell is produced by mitosis in angiosperms.

Question: In angiosperms, one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg. What does the second sperm nucleus do? Answer:The second sperm nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus.

Question: What is the parentage of the endosperm? Answer: The endosperm has a mix of female and male parentage.

Question: What does an ovule become? Answer: An ovule becomes a seed.

Question: The seed coat arises from the integuments. What is the origin of the integuments? Answer: The integuments originate from the sporophyte.

Question: Which of the following is NOT true about the nucellus? Answer: The nucellus does not release spores.

Question: What does an ovary become? Answer: An ovary becomes a fruit.

Question: Which of the following best describes mature pollen? Answer: Mature pollen is a microgametophyte.