WEEK 4: LOGIC AND REASONING

Arguments in logic

  • A piece of reasoning expressed in words or symbols

Premises and conclusions

  • Premises

    • SUPPORTING STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS TO SUPPORT THE CONCLUSION

  • Conclusion

    • POSITION OR STAND ONE TAKES

    • INDICATED BY:

      • THEREFORE, HENCE, THIS, SO, ACCORDINGLY, FOR THIS REASON, IN CONSEQUENCE ETC ETC

DIVISIONS OF LOGIC

  • DEDUCTIVE

    • GENERAL TO SPECIFIC

    • SUBDIVISIONS

      • TRADITIONAL/ARISTOTLEAN

      • MODERN/SYMBOLIC/MATHEMATICAL

  • INDUCTIVE

    • INTRODUCED BY FRANCIS BACON

    • BASED ON PROBABILITY

    • THE ANSWER IS PROBABLY, MIGHT, MAY BE

  • ABDUCTIVE

    • ANSWER IS ONLY A POSSIBILITY/THERE IS

    • HINDI SIGURADO IN THE GUESSING SENSE

ELEMENTS OF A PROPOSITION

  1. SUBJECT - SOMETHING BEING TALKED ABOUT

  2. PREDICATE - THIS IS WHAT THE SUBJECT DID

QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION

  1. SINGULAR - SUBJECT IS ONE INDIVIDUAL NO INDICATOR

  2. PARTICULAR - ONLY A PART OF THE GROUP INDICATED BY SOME

  3. UNIVERSAL - APPLIES TO ALL INDICATED BY ALL

QUALITY

  1. AFFIRMATIVE

  2. NEGATIVE