Summary of American Imperialism

American Imperialism Overview

  • The United States became an imperial power by acquiring territories globally.

  • A historical map from 1900 shows U.S. territorial acquisitions, including changes post-WWII.

Reasons for Expansion

  • 1800s Context:

    • U.S. industrialization began in the 1840s and '50s, leading to increased overseas interest.

    • Key motivations included access to Asian markets, particularly China.

  • Pacific Islands Acquisition:

    • Acquired territories in the Pacific for commerce and resources, notably guano for gunpowder.

  • Post-Civil War Interests:

    • Purchase of Alaska from Russia, initially deemed foolish.

    • Expansion of business interests abroad during the Gilded Age, particularly in the '90s.

Emergence of Naval Power

  • Alfred Thayer Mahan's Influence:

    • Advocated for strong naval power to protect trade and project U.S. strength globally.

    • Theodore Roosevelt, influenced by Mahan, emphasized naval expansion for U.S. imperialism.

  • Strategic Naval Bases:

    • Importance of establishing bases in the Pacific, notably Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines.

Cuban Struggle for Independence

  • Late 19th Century Conflict:

    • Cuba sought independence from Spain; U.S. sympathized with Cuban rebels.

    • Media portrayal of Spanish atrocities fueled U.S. public sentiment for intervention.

  • Spanish-American War Prelude:

    • Explosion of USS Maine led to escalating tensions and a declaration of war against Spain.

War Dynamics

  • Initial Battles:

    • First major battle occurred in the Philippines, led by Commodore Dewey who achieved a swift victory.

    • Subsequent focus on Cuba with key involvement of Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders.

  • Roosevelt's Rapid Rise:

    • Transitioned from Assistant Secretary of the Navy, war hero, to Governor and ultimately President of the U.S. after McKinley's assassination.

Conclusion

  • American imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked significant expansion and influence, driven by economic and military motivations, guided by key figures like Mahan and Roosevelt. The events leading up to and during the Spanish-American War solidified the U.S. as a burgeoning imperial power.