Functionalist theory

Functionalism is a consensus theory that sees society working in a harmonious and stable way. Argues that stratification is necessary and beneficial because it ensures most important roles are filled by the most talented individuals.

Key functionalist theorists

Emile Durkheim

Talcott Parsons

Davis and Moore

Key functionalist ideas on stratification

A. Society is meritocratic

Functionalists argue modern society is based on meritocracy where people succeed based on talent and effort

Inequality is fair because it reflects different peoples levels of effort and skills

B. Davis and Moore (Role allocation)

Stratification is necessary for society to function efficiently

Some jobs are more important than others (doctors vs cleaners)

The most talented individuals should feel the most important roles

High rewards (Pay, status) motivates people to work harder and gain the right qualification

Parsons- Value consensus and social order

Stratification is based on shared values that promote order and stability

People accept social positions because they believe the systems fair

Strengths of functionalism

Explains why inequality exists in all societies

Recognises that different jobs require different skills and rewards

Highlights importance of education and training in social mobility

Criticisms of functionalism

Ignores social inequality- Not everyone has equal opportunities

Some jobs are essential bud underpaid (Nurse)

Marxists argue that stratification benefits the rich and powerful, not society as a whole

Feminists argue functionalism ignores gender inequalities (glass ceiling, gender pay gap)