Variables, Data Types, and Simple Pipelines

Programs stored on a hard drive are loaded into Random Access Memory (RAM) when executed.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) fetches instructions and reads or writes data in RAM.
Variables function as labeled storage locations within computer memory.

Assignment statements use the equals operator (=) in the form <variable> = <expression> to evaluate an expression, store the result in memory, and bind the variable label to that location.
id(): Returns the memory location address of a specified variable.
hex(): Converts a numerical argument into its hexadecimal representation.

Memory represents different data types (numeric, textual, and logical) using binary sequences.
Strings are sequences of characters enclosed in quotation marks (e.g., "xyz" represents a literal string, whereas xyz references a variable).
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) provides a mapping that assigns integer values to specific textual characters.

Primary Data Types:
- Numeric: Integer (numbers without a fractional component) and Floating Point (approximations of real numbers).
- Boolean: Truth values represented as True or False.
- Sequential: String (sequences of ASCII characters).

input(): Reads user input typed into the terminal and returns it strictly as a String data type.
Text strings representing numbers (e.g., "123") are stored as ASCII character sequences and are distinct from numeric values (e.g., 123).
Type Conversion Functions:
- int(): Converts an argument into an Integer.
- float(): Converts an argument into a Floating Point number.
- chr(): Converts an integer ASCII value into its corresponding character.
- type(): Returns the data type classification of an argument.

The Pipeline design pattern organizes programs into process chains where the output of one process serves as the input for the next (Input-Process-Output).
Python provides explicit symbols for arithmetic operations: