Greald Jones, Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Lord of the Dance
Indian Dance and Divine Connection
Dance holds a significant spiritual dimension in India, particularly with deities like Shiva and Vishnu.
Shiva (Nataraja): A representation of both creation and destruction through dance.
Four arms depicted:
One hand holds a drum representing creation.
Another hand cradles a flame symbolizing destruction and renewal.
Right leg crushing ignorance symbolizes overcoming ignorance.
Left leg raised signifies freedom and transcendence.
Dance in Hindu culture extends beyond India, significantly influencing devotional dances throughout Southeast Asia.
Other Cultural Traditions of Dance
Yoruba Rituals in Africa: Dance as communication with gods and ancestors.
Dance often aims to invite divine presence, especially during possession rituals.
The worshipers undergo a process where the god 'mounts' them, leading to trance-like states.
In contrast, Judeo-Christian views have historically been ambivalent, viewing dance with caution.
The Early Hebrews practiced dance rituals, but often faced criticism from leaders like Moses, especially against idol worship (e.g., Golden Calf).
The Evolution of Dance in Western Traditions
After the Exodus, dance became seen as both celebratory and cautionary.
King David danced fervently before the Ark, but faced mockery for his expression.
Christianity: Separated from its early vigor with increasing control over worship expressions.
Early dance in Christianity faced heavy criticism, especially from figures like Augustine, who sought to purify it.
Some forms of dancing, such as circle dances, were embraced, while wild dances were condemned.
Influence of Greek and Roman Attitudes toward Dance
Greeks viewed dance as integral, both socially and religiously (associated with Dionysus).
Dance structure emphasized communal participation and structured movements.
Plato and Aristotle debated on dance's role in education, emphasizing its potential both for expression and trouble.
Celebratory Dance in the Middle Ages
Labyrinths in cathedrals symbolized spiritual journeys, incorporating dancing rituals.
Dance practices became a tool for social commentary, often blending the sacred with the profane.
Contrasts between Carnival celebrations and Lent illustrated the tensions of acceptance vs. rejection.
Revival of Dance Forms in Recent Times
Bharata Natyam: Evolution from temple dances performed by devadasis to contemporary theatrical performances.
Emphasis on rich storytelling through gestures and movements reflecting spirituality.
Each posture and mudra has deep significance, allowing performers to convey complex narratives.
Kathakali: A dramatic dance form combining martial arts and storytelling.
Intense physical training focused on body coordination and storytelling through facial expressions.
Developed from traditional theater to popular performances, taking cues from the community settings.