Untitled Flashcards Set

Definition of memory
Definition of information processing
How information travels through the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
What happens in the three general steps of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval
Is human memory comparable to a computer? Why or why not?
Definition of sensory memory
Definition of short-term memory
How much information can be stored in short-term memory? For about how long?
Definition of chunking
Definition of working memory
The components of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic
buffer, and central executive (and how they interact)
How the following brain areas are related to different types of memory:
-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
-prefrontal cortex
-basal ganglia
-hippocampus
-amygdala
Definition of levels of processing theory
What are some ways information can be learned more deeply (as opposed to superficially?)

Does exposure to something always increase our memory of it?
Definition of serial position effect
Definition of primacy effect
Definition of recency effect
What happened to patient H.M.? What could/couldn’t he do as a result?
Definition of anterograde amnesia
What happened to patient K.F.? What could/couldn’t he do as a result?
Declarative memory (explicit) vs. nondeclarative memory (implicit)
What are tracts connecting the hippocampus and temporal lobe important for?
Types of declarative memory: semantic memory vs. episodic memory vs. autobiographical
Types of nondeclarative memory: classical conditioning vs. procedural memory vs. priming
How does priming work?
Definition of Spreading Activation Model
Definition of schema
How are retrieval from short term memory and retrieval from long term memory different?
Definition of cue
Definition of encoding specificity
How does our current state (mood, etc.) affect memory retrieval?
Definition of tip of the tongue (TOT)
What our are memories “reconstructed”?
Can the power of suggestion affect our memories?
Definition of flashbulb memory

Definition of forgetting. Why might it be adaptive?
Definition of interference
Proactive interference vs. retroactive interference
Definition of motivated forgetting
Definition of Long-term potentiation (LTP) (Hint: neurons that fire together...)
Definition of engram
What neurotransmitter is especially important for memory?
Why are our memories “context dependent”?
Distributed practice vs. massed practice (which is better for learning?)
Task-positive network (TPN) vs. Default mode network (DMN). Do they usually operate at the
same time?
How different techniques could be used to improve memory (Pomodoro technique, distributed
practice, interleaving, previewing, repetition, recitation, teaching, testing, mnemonics,
metacognition
Try to pick out which techniques are better for processing information more deeply than others
Why is sleep important for memory?
Are humans good at multitasking? Does doing it improve performance?

Week 5: Learning, reflexes and instincts, non-associative learning, habituation and
sensitization, classical conditioning
Definition of learning
How do we know a person has learned something?
Definition of reflex. What are some examples?
Definition of instincts
Definition of fixed action patterns
Learning: more flexible but takes longer and more neural effort
Reflexes and instincts: inflexible
Types of learning and the definitions for each: associative, non-associative, and observational
Associative learning
-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning
Non-associative learning:
-Habituation
-Sensitization
Observational learning
-Imitation
What types of stimuli do we habituate to? What types of stimuli do we sensitize to?
How Ivan Pavolv came across classical conditioning
Elements of classical conditioning:
-Unconditioned stimulus
-Conditioned stimulus
-Unconditioned response
-Conditioned response
UCS  UCR
CS  CR
Definition of acquisition

Definition of contiguity. Why is contiguity between the CS and UCS important?
Definition of contingency. How do consistent contingencies affect conditioning?
Definition of extinction. When does it happen? Is it different than forgetting?
Definition of spontaneous recovery. When does it happen?
Definition of inhibition/inhibitory conditioning. When does it happen?
Definition of generalization. When does it happen?
Definition of discrimination. When does it happen?
Conditioning happens easily when the CS/UCS naturally go together
Describe what happened in the Little Albert study by Watson
Definition of counterconditioning
Definition of systematic desensitization
How do conditioned stimuli relate to drug use?
How might advertisers use classical conditioning to their advantage?

Week 6: Learning, operant conditioning
Definition of operant conditioning. What are some examples?
How is operant conditioning different than classical conditioning? (4 main ways)
What did Edward Thorndike learn about behavior from putting cats into “puzzle boxes”?
Definition of Law of Effect
Be familiar with each type of operant conditioning and examples of each:
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Positive punishment
4. Negative punishment
Note: You’ll need to know a) whether a stimulus is presented or removed and b) whether the
behavior is strengthened or weakened. Also, remember that positive and negative do not mean
“good” and “bad”
Definition of primary reinforcers/punishers. What are some examples?
Definition of secondary reinforcers/punishers. What are some examples?
Are rewards and punishments more effective if they are immediate or delayed?
What was B.F. Skinner’s optimal combination of operant conditioning techniques?
Definition of the Premack Principle
What can accidental reinforcement cause? How did Skinner observe this?
What is a Skinner Box?
How often is reinforcement given in each schedule?
How does each influence the rate of behavior?
-Continuous
-Partial reinforcement
-Fixed ratio
-Variable ratio
-Fixed interval
-Variable interval
How does shaping work?

Definition of chaining. Why would it be used?
Definition of observational learning. When is it more likely to happen?
What happened in Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment?
What are some examples of imitation?
How are mirror neurons involved in imitation?

Week 7: Cognition, evolutionary psychology
Definition of thinking
Definitions of various cognitive structures:
-Mental images
-Concepts
-Prototypes
-Exemplars
-Heuristics
According to cognitive theory, what happens when we encounter something new?
If someone has brain damage, what can happen to their ability to recognize items?
Is visual processing necessary for concept formation?
Definition of algorithms
What are some pros and cons of mental heuristics?
Different types of heuristics and examples of each
-Availability heuristic
-Representativeness heuristic
-Recognition heuristic
-Affect heuristic (influenced by somatic markers)
-Affective forecasting
-Anchoring
-Framing (influencDefinition of memory
Definition of information processing
How information travels through the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
What happens in the three general steps of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval
Is human memory comparable to a computer? Why or why not?
Definition of sensory memory
Definition of short-term memory
How much information can be stored in short-term memory? For about how long?
Definition of chunking
Definition of working memory
The components of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic
buffer, and central executive (and how they interact)
How the following brain areas are related to different types of memory:
-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
-prefrontal cortex
-basal ganglia
-hippocampus
-amygdala
Definition of levels of processing theory
What are some ways information can be learned more deeply (as opposed to superficially?)

Does exposure to something always increase our memory of it?
Definition of serial position effect
Definition of primacy effect
Definition of recency effect
What happened to patient H.M.? What could/couldn’t he do as a result?
Definition of anterograde amnesia
What happened to patient K.F.? What could/couldn’t he do as a result?
Declarative memory (explicit) vs. nondeclarative memory (implicit)
What are tracts connecting the hippocampus and temporal lobe important for?
Types of declarative memory: semantic memory vs. episodic memory vs. autobiographical
Types of nondeclarative memory: classical conditioning vs. procedural memory vs. priming
How does priming work?
Definition of Spreading Activation Model
Definition of schema
How are retrieval from short term memory and retrieval from long term memory different?
Definition of cue
Definition of encoding specificity
How does our current state (mood, etc.) affect memory retrieval?
Definition of tip of the tongue (TOT)
What our are memories “reconstructed”?
Can the power of suggestion affect our memories?
Definition of flashbulb memory

Definition of forgetting. Why might it be adaptive?
Definition of interference
Proactive interference vs. retroactive interference
Definition of motivated forgetting
Definition of Long-term potentiation (LTP) (Hint: neurons that fire together...)
Definition of engram
What neurotransmitter is especially important for memory?
Why are our memories “context dependent”?
Distributed practice vs. massed practice (which is better for learning?)
Task-positive network (TPN) vs. Default mode network (DMN). Do they usually operate at the
same time?
How different techniques could be used to improve memory (Pomodoro technique, distributed
practice, interleaving, previewing, repetition, recitation, teaching, testing, mnemonics,
metacognition
Try to pick out which techniques are better for processing information more deeply than others
Why is sleep important for memory?
Are humans good at multitasking? Does doing it improve performance?

Week 5: Learning, reflexes and instincts, non-associative learning, habituation and
sensitization, classical conditioning
Definition of learning
How do we know a person has learned something?
Definition of reflex. What are some examples?
Definition of instincts
Definition of fixed action patterns
Learning: more flexible but takes longer and more neural effort
Reflexes and instincts: inflexible
Types of learning and the definitions for each: associative, non-associative, and observational
Associative learning
-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning
Non-associative learning:
-Habituation
-Sensitization
Observational learning
-Imitation
What types of stimuli do we habituate to? What types of stimuli do we sensitize to?
How Ivan Pavolv came across classical conditioning
Elements of classical conditioning:
-Unconditioned stimulus
-Conditioned stimulus
-Unconditioned response
-Conditioned response
UCS  UCR
CS  CR
Definition of acquisition

Definition of contiguity. Why is contiguity between the CS and UCS important?
Definition of contingency. How do consistent contingencies affect conditioning?
Definition of extinction. When does it happen? Is it different than forgetting?
Definition of spontaneous recovery. When does it happen?
Definition of inhibition/inhibitory conditioning. When does it happen?
Definition of generalization. When does it happen?
Definition of discrimination. When does it happen?
Conditioning happens easily when the CS/UCS naturally go together
Describe what happened in the Little Albert study by Watson
Definition of counterconditioning
Definition of systematic desensitization
How do conditioned stimuli relate to drug use?
How might advertisers use classical conditioning to their advantage?

Week 6: Learning, operant conditioning
Definition of operant conditioning. What are some examples?
How is operant conditioning different than classical conditioning? (4 main ways)
What did Edward Thorndike learn about behavior from putting cats into “puzzle boxes”?
Definition of Law of Effect
Be familiar with each type of operant conditioning and examples of each:
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Positive punishment
4. Negative punishment
Note: You’ll need to know a) whether a stimulus is presented or removed and b) whether the
behavior is strengthened or weakened. Also, remember that positive and negative do not mean
“good” and “bad”
Definition of primary reinforcers/punishers. What are some examples?
Definition of secondary reinforcers/punishers. What are some examples?
Are rewards and punishments more effective if they are immediate or delayed?
What was B.F. Skinner’s optimal combination of operant conditioning techniques?
Definition of the Premack Principle
What can accidental reinforcement cause? How did Skinner observe this?
What is a Skinner Box?
How often is reinforcement given in each schedule?
How does each influence the rate of behavior?
-Continuous
-Partial reinforcement
-Fixed ratio
-Variable ratio
-Fixed interval
-Variable interval
How does shaping work?

Definition of chaining. Why would it be used?
Definition of observational learning. When is it more likely to happen?
What happened in Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment?
What are some examples of imitation?
How are mirror neurons involved in imitation?

Week 7: Cognition, evolutionary psychology
Definition of thinking
Definitions of various cognitive structures:
-Mental images
-Concepts
-Prototypes
-Exemplars
-Heuristics
According to cognitive theory, what happens when we encounter something new?
If someone has brain damage, what can happen to their ability to recognize items?
Is visual processing necessary for concept formation?
Definition of algorithms
What are some pros and cons of mental heuristics?
Different types of heuristics and examples of each
-Availability heuristic
-Representativeness heuristic
-Recognition heuristic
-Affect heuristic (influenced by somatic markers)
-Affective forecasting
-Anchoring
-Framing (influenced by loss aversion)
Definition of evolutionary psychology
Definition of evolution
Definition of natural selection
What are other methods of evolution besides natural selection?
Definition of fitness. How is it measured?
Definition of adaptation. What method of evolution leads to them?
Definition of behavioral genetics.

Behavior
-Is a phenotype
-Is influenced by genes
-Can be an adaptation
-Can be heritable
Definition of heritable. What types of traits are heritable?
Does natural selection occur if all the individuals in a population have the same genotype?
Definition of altruism
How do we find the coefficient of relatedness (r)? What does it tell us?
Definition of reciprocal altruism?
How does sexual selection influence traits?
Why do males have more variance in their reproductive success?
Which sex tends to be more choosy of their mates than the other?
What role does the MGC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) play in sexual selection of mates?ed by loss aversion)
Definition of evolutionary psychology
Definition of evolution
Definition of natural selection
What are other methods of evolution besides natural selection?
Definition of fitness. How is it measured?
Definition of adaptation. What method of evolution leads to them?
Definition of behavioral genetics.

Behavior
-Is a phenotype
-Is influenced by genes
-Can be an adaptation
-Can be heritable
Definition of heritable. What types of traits are heritable?
Does natural selection occur if all the individuals in a population have the same genotype?
Definition of altruism
How do we find the coefficient of relatedness (r)? What does it tell us?
Definition of reciprocal altruism?
How does sexual selection influence traits?
Why do males have more variance in their reproductive success?
Which sex tends to be more choosy of their mates than the other?
What role does the MGC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) play in sexual selection of mates?