Summary of Augustus and Roman Governance
Civil Conflict and Augustus
- Civil conflict in Rome lasted for 13 years after the old government failed to reform.
- Power transitioned to Octavian (Augustus) after defeating Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.).
Title of Augustus
- In 27 B.C.E., the Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus," implying divine authority.
- His rule lasted for 45 years, reshaping Roman governance.
Nature of Augustus's Government
- Augustus established a monarchy disguised as a republic.
- Centralized political and military power while maintaining traditional republican offices.
- Involved the Roman elite in governance but altered the government fundamentally.
- Accumulated vast powers for himself, responsible for key governmental functions.
- Reorganized the military, creating a standing army loyal to the emperor, which resolved issues from the late republic.
- Placed loyal individuals in crucial positions.
Reign and Stabilization
- Augustus reigned until 14 C.E., stabilizing a war-torn land and laying the foundations for the imperial system that lasted for three centuries.