Energy Efficiency Notes

A Watt Saved is a Watt Earned

"There’s no cheaper, cleaner power than the power that you don’t have to produce” –Gary Zarker

Efficiencies

Fuel cell: 60%
Steam turbine: 45%
Human body: 20-25%
Fluorescent light: 22%
Internal combustion engine (gasoline): 10%
Incandescent light: 5%

Energy Efficiency

43% of energy in the US is wasted unnecessarily.
Incandescent bulb: 5% efficient
Fluorescent bulb: 20% efficient
LED bulb: 60% efficient
Auto fleet standards = CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)
- 12.9 mpg in 1974
- 29.9 mpg today
- 40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by 50%

Energy Star Program

ENERGY STAR Homes exceed the Model Energy Code by at least 30%.
- Tighter construction/advanced windows/sealed ducts
- Improved heating and cooling equipment
Incentives:
- Financing by ENERGY STAR mortgages
- Small increase in mortgage offset by lower utility bills

ENERGY STAR Labeled Equipment

Lighting products
TV's and DVD/Blueray
Clothes washers and dryers
Refrigerators
Room and central air conditioners
Boilers and thermostats
Heat pumps

Buildings (commercial and industrial)

Focuses on all profitable energy-related investments
Uses proven technology
Typically cut energy costs by 30%
5-Stage approach to energy upgrades

The Energy Star 5 Stages

Lighting
Tune-up
Load Reductions
Ventilation Upgrades
HVAC Improvements

Integrated Process

Lighting
Other Load Reductions
Building Tune-Up
Fan System Upgrades
Heating & Cooling System Upgrades

Stage 1 Lighting: Importance

Lighting energy costs can be reduced by 40 - 70%
Cooling loads are reduced
Savings are verifiable
Improved lighting quality can improve employee productivity or improve home lighting

Stage 1 Lighting: Three Principles of Lighting Upgrades

Meet target light levels
Efficiently produce and deliver light
Automatically control lighting operation

Stage 1 Lighting Technologies

LED Lights
Compact Florescent Bulbs and Fixtures
Electronic Ballasts
Occupancy Sensors and Timers
Re-lamping
Metal Halides and Sodium replacing Mercury Vapor Fixtures

Light Bulb Efficiency Over Time

Graph depicting the efficiency of different lighting technologies from 1800 to 2050, including kerosene, incandescent, fluorescent, light-emitting diode, and high-intensity discharge lamps.

Light Bulb Comparison Chart

LED
- 10-Year Cost: 40
- Pros:
  - Saves 85% in energy costs
  - Longest lasting bulb on the market (10+ years)
  - Dimmable from 10%-100%
  - Not sensitive to colder temperatures
  - Instant-on
  - Mercury Free
- Cons:
  - Greater upfront cost
  - 100W brightness equivalent pending
CFL
- 10-Year Cost: 43
- Pros:
  - Saves 75% in energy costs
  - Lasts 8 times as long as the incandescent
  - Comparable cost to the incandescent
- Cons:
  - Sensitive to colder temperatures
  - Lesser dimmable range of 20%-90%
  - Contains mercury-recycling required
Halogen
- 10-Year Cost: 110
- Pros:
  - Same color quality as incandescent
  - Mercury Free
  - Comparable cost to the incandescent
  - Saves 30% in energy costs
- Cons:
  - Short life span like the incandescent
Incandescent
- 10-Year Cost: 160
  *Note: Non-residential energy rates are generally lower than residential.

How to Read a Lighting Facts Label

New labels meet Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requirements.
Labels are on all light bulbs (incandescents, halogens, LEDs).
Consumers can compare products based on brightness (lumens), cost, life span, hue, and energy usage.
Brightness:
- Measured in lumens, not wattage.
- Higher the number, the brighter the light.
Life:
- Product's life in years.
- Based on 3 hours per day usage.
Light Appearance:
- Indicates the hue of the color emitted.
- Warm/Soft White (around 2700 Kelvin) creates an inviting, comfortable, and relaxing atmosphere.
- Cool/Daylight bulbs (closer to 6500 Kelvin) create a bright, clean, and lively mood.
Energy Used:
- Energy the bulb consumes (in watts).
- Lower wattage means less energy used and lower electricity costs.

Stage 1 Lighting: T-8s

Replace older fluorescent lamps and ballasts with T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts
Cost: 50-$100 per fixture (lamp and ballast)
Benefits:
- over 30% energy savings per fixture can be achieved
- improved light quality
- noise and “flicker” eliminated
- simple payback often 5 years or less
Using vintage 1940's lighting technology if not using T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts in fluorescent fixtures

Stage 1 Lighting: What to Look for when You Shop for Light Bulbs

Used to look for Watts (energy)
Now look for Lumens (brightness)
Estimates based on typical incandescent bulbs
- 150 w -> 2600 lm
- 100 w -> 1600 lm
- 75 W -> 1100 lm
- 60 w -> 800 lm
- 40 w -> 450 lm
If you're looking to buy a bulb that will give you the amount of light you used to get from a 60-watt bulb, you'll now look for 800 lumens.

Stage 1 Lighting: Controls

Use occupancy sensors to turn off lights when they are not needed
Cost: 25-$80 (ultrasonic or infrared)
Additional sensors to consider
- photocells (for exterior lighting)
- motion sensors (for security lighting)
- automatic dimming systems (to utilize daylighting)
Application Energy Savings
- Offices (private) 25-50%
- Offices (open spaces) 20-25%
- Rest rooms 30-75%
- Corridors 30-40%
- Storage areas 45-65%
- Meeting rooms 45-65%
- Conference rooms 45-65%
- Warehouses 50-75%

Stage 2 Building Tuneup

Buildings and equipment can benefit from a tuneup in the same way that cars do
Building tuneups offer modest energy savings at a low cost -- and can extend the life of your investment
Start by reviewing your energy bills

Stage 2 Building Tuneup: HVAC Equipment Maintenance

Filter Changes
Coil Cleaning
Charging Refrigerant

Stage 2 Building Tuneup: Duct Leakage and Duct System Modifications

Seal Leaks
Insulate Ducts
Increase Return Air Size
Provide Relief to Return Air

Stage 2 Building Tuneup: Controls

Timers
Setup/Setback Thermostats

Stage 3 Load Reductions

Addresses other wasted energy in buildings
Reduces the capital cost of HVAC upgrades
Allows distribution and HVAC plant rightsizing
Increases comfort
Lowers energy costs

Stage 3 Load Reductions: Shading and Reflectance

Awnings and Overhangs
Roof Coatings
Reflective Window Treatments

Stage 3 Load Reductions: Building Envelope Improvements

Insulate Attic
Insulate Walls
Improve Windows
Insulate Foundation

Stage 3 Load Reductions: Other Load Reductions

Windows —Films, caulking/weather stripping
Roofs —Reflective coloring, insulation
Walls —Insulation, caulking, weather stripping

Stage 3 Load Reductions: Other Load Reductions (continued)

Domestic Hot Water —Flow restrictions, dedicated units
Kitchens —Heat pump water heaters —Exhaust hood upgrades
Laundries —Waste heat recovery

Stage 4: Fan & Minor System Upgrades

Rightsize fans to meet load requirements
Change out pulleys
Adjust operating pressure
Install smaller, energy efficient motors
Install variable speed drives (VSDs)
Convert systems to variable air volume (VAV)
Heat Pump water heater

Stage 5: Heating & Cooling Plant Improvements

Rightsize HVAC equipment
Upgrade to high-efficiency equipment
Auxiliary equipment
CFC and equipment age issues a factor

Stage 5: Heating & Cooling Replacement HVAC Equipment

High Efficiency Heating
High Efficiency Hot Water
High Efficiency Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps
Heat Recovery Ventilation

Annual Return on Investment

Average return on investment for the 10 measures shown here -16%
Stock market Dow Jones Industrials 1990-1997-14%
30-year bond - 4.2%
Money market account-3.5%
Dividend on common stocks - 1.5%
Energy Efficiency investments:
- Fluorescent lamps & fixtures
- Clothes washer
- Water heater
- Heat pump tank wrap
- Air sealing to 0.5 air changes per hour
- ENERGY STAR appliances
- Duct sealing
- Programmable thermostat
- Refrigerator
- Dishwasher
- Increase wall and attic Insulation

Systematically Stage and Improve Your Upgrades

Lighting
Other Load Reductions
Building Tune-Up
Integrated Process
Fan System Upgrades
Heating & Cooling System Upgrades