nsci/psyc 225 exam 3 UNC

1. Sound (physical definition): sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium 2. Sound (perceptual definition): the experience we have when we hear 3. condensation: increase in pressure pushes particles together 4. rarefraction: decrease in pressure causes particles to spread out 5. frequency: How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time 6. amplitude of a wave: the maximum displacement of the medium from its rest position 7. waveform: timbre 8. pure tone: a tone of a single frequency (rare) 9. Hertz (Hz): Unit of measurement for frequency 10. frequency is the __________ of wavelength.: inverse 11. wavelength is to color as frequency is to: pitch 12. amplitude determines... (sound): loudness 13. tone chroma: a sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval 14. 1 hertz: 1 cycle per second 15. Human Hearing Range: 20-20,000 Hz 16. humans hear best at: 1000-5000hz 17. amplitude (sound definition): the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and the maximum pressure of the wave 18. Amplitude is measured in: decibels (dB) 19. decibel spl formula: 20 log (p/20) 20. 20 micropascals: what is the reference for the expression sound-pressure level (SPL) 21. what are complex waves made up of?: different frequency sine waves 22. Harmonics: whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency 23. fundamental frequency: the lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound's basic pitch 24. higher harmonics: pure tones with frequencies that are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency 25. Timbre depends on: harmonics, attack, and delay 26. What are the three main cues we use to localize sound?: binaural cues (interaural time difference and interaural level difference), and one monaural cue (spectral) 27. interaural time difference (ITD): the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

28. Interaural level difference (ILD): the difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other 29. spectral cue: In hearing, the distribution of frequencies reaching the ear that are associated with specific locations of a sound. The differences in frequencies are caused by interaction of sound with the listener's head and pinnae. 30. azimuth plane: looks kind of like the horoptor for vision. left-right plane, where our binaural cues can help us 31. acoustic shadow: The shadow created by the head that decreases the level of high-frequency sounds on the opposite side of the head. The acoustic shadow is the basis of the localization cue of interaural level difference. works for high frequency waves but not low frequency ones 32. cone of confusion: A region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences (ITDs and ILDs). 33. normal ears can detect a time difference of...: 10 m/s 34. What are the various parts of the ear?: outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, pinnia, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, semi-circular canals 35. pinnia: what you see of the ear. localization of sound 36. auditory canal: the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum. resonates sound 37. resonance: occurs when sound waves are reflected back from the closed end of the canal 38. Organ of Corti: Center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, canals, and membranes 39. cochlea: a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses 40. Scalia media: middle tunnel of the cochlea. it is where the receptor cells for hearing are located 41. 3 tunnels in the cochlea: scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani 42. receptors in the cochlea: hair cells (mechanoreceptors) 43. inner and outer hair cells: These structures are often referred to as the ear's transducers because they convert the mechanical disturbance created in the fluids of the cochlea into an electrical potential 44. inner hair cells: neurons in the organ of Corti; responsible for auditory transduction 45. outer hair cells: neurons in the organ of Corti; serve to amplify and sharpen the responses of inner hair cells 46. how is loudness coded?: By the amplitude of vibrations of basilar membrane. This determines how hard hair cells are pulled.

47. place theory of hearing: the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies 48. place coding theory of hearing: place on the membrane where the maximum peak of the wave depends on the frequency of the wave 49. complex tones: sounds with a mixture of frequencies 50. Fourier analysis: a mathematical procedure for decomposing a complex waveform into a collection of sine waves with various frequencies and amplitudes the basilar membrane can do this on its own to break down a complex tone. 51. tuning curves in auditory cortex: specific frequency that each nerve fires best to. fibers carry signals from different parts of the basilar membrane 52. motile response: a response by outer hair cells that magnifies the movements of the basilar membrane, amplifying sounds and sharpening the response to particular frequencies 53. The motile response occurs due to the _____ hair cells and serves to ____ the movements of the basilar membrane.: outer, amplify 54. timing code: pitch is coded by bursts of firing within peaks of sine waves 55. how is sound amplitude coded with timing code?: more action potentials occurring within each burst for frequency 56. timing code only works for __________ frequencies because of the ______________________________: low frequencies (up to around 100 Hz) because of the refractory period of nerve cells 57. volley principle: The theory holding that groups of auditory nerve fibers fire neural impulses in rapid succession, creating volleys of impulses. can only get to 5000 Hz before it drops off 58. auditory pathway: SONIC MG cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nucleus (medulla) -> inferior colliculi (midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> primary auditory cortex. mostly ipsalateral 59. tonotopic map: representation in the auditory cortex of different sound frequencies

60. McGurk Effect: an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched. The same brain areas are activated for lip reading and speech perception. Speech perception for familiar voices activates speech-related brain areas as well as FFA 61. pure tone audiometry: a procedure that is used to assess hearing sensitivity at discrete frequencies 62. audiometer: instrument to measure hearing 63. audiogram: A graphic representation of the relation of vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing plots decibels of hearing loss 64. 2 types of hearing loss: conductive and sensorineural 65. conductive hearing loss: hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or vibratory energy in the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles 66. sensorineural hearing loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness 67. causes of conductive hearing loss: excessive earwax, foreign object, rupture of ear drum, infection, otitis media, cholestatoma, ososclerosis 68. cause of sensorineural hearing loss: Damage to sound impulse pathways from the hair cells of the inner ear to the auditory nerve and brain 69. presbycusis: a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages 70. tinnitus: ringing or buzzing in the ears 71. cochlear implants: a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea 72. Mechanoreceptors: Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues. 73. Proprioception: sensation of body position and limb movement 74. kinesthesis: the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts 75. Thermoreceptors: respond to changes in temperature 76. Nociception: perception of pain 77. what type of receptors that we talked about in class have encapsulated nerve endings?: mechanoreceptors

78. what type of receptors that we talked about in class have free nerve endings?: thermo/nociceptors 79. slow adapting receptors: Merkel and Ruffini 80. rapidly adapting receptors: Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles 81. Meissner's corpuscles: sensitive touch receptors in the dermis 82. Ruffini corpuscles: heavy touch, pressure, joint movements and skin stretching 83. Pacinian corpuscles: respond to deep pressure and vibration. Big and located deep within the skin, with onion-like fluid filled layers surrounding it 84. Merkel's disks: pressure 85. Receptive field for mechanoreceptors: the skin 86. the question that weber's 2 point threshold of tactile acuity asks: when does perception switch from perceiving 2 points to perceiving 1? 87. low threshold: better acuity 88. duplex theory of texture perception: The idea that texture perception is determined by both spatial and temporal cues that are detected by two types of receptors. Originally proposed by David Katz and named the "duplex theory" by Hollins. 89. Homonculus: a rendering of the body in which each part is shown in proportion to show how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to it. 90. cortical plasticity: the capacity to change cortical organization as a result of experience 91. Cause of Phantom Limb Pain: areas of the somatosensory cortex will "Take over" the areas of the cortex that are no longer being used due to amputation 92. exploratory procedures (EPs): People's movements of their hands and fingers while they are identifying three-dimensional objects by touch. 93. lateral motion, pressure, enclosure, contour following: EP examples 94. active touch: Touch in which the observer plays an active role in touching and exploring an object, usually with his or her hands. Involves the sensory, motor, and cognitive systems 95. temperature that cold fibers fire best at: 80 F 96. temperature that warm fibers respond best at: 112 F 97. Paradoxical Cold Response: both warm and cold fibers respond to really hot stimuli (over 113F) so when touching something that is both hot and cold, your brain will interpret it as burning hot 98. thermal adaptation: a decrease in the perceived intensity of a hot or cold temperature as time passes. skin can't give information about absolute temperature, only relative to the body's temperature

99. Aristotle's illusion: with fingers crossed, one touch to different fingers feels like two touches 100. Pinoccio illusion: if you rub the nose of the person in front of you, and also rub your own nose, if you keep your eyes closed eventually you'll feel like your nose is really long 101. The rubber-hand illusion best illustrates: sensory interaction 102. types of nociceptors: mechanical, thermal, chemical, polymodal 103. gate control model of pain: Signals from touch receptors and from the cortex can send inhibitory signals, decreasing the perception of pain. 104. ways to manage pain: expectation, attention, emotion 105. Endorphins: "morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. 106. Naloxone: opioid antagonist. blocks the placebo effect 107. double pain: resulting from different fibers sending their messages at different speeds. The first phase, a sharp pain, occurs at the time of the injury. It is followed by a dull pain. 108. A-delta fibers: quick, sharp pain. thicker and myelinated 109. C fibers: long, dull pain. slower and unmyelinated 110. wind-up pain: heightened sensitivity that results in altered pain thresholds both peripherally and centrally 111. where does wind up occur?: spinal cord 112. What effect does DM have on wind-up?: when someone is given DM, it decreases the wind-up effect. DM is an NMDA receptor antagonist and can block Na+ from coming in the cell. 113. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC): pain relieved when two noxious stimuli occur at the same time from different sites 114. anterior cingulate cortex: brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors. involved in physical and emotion pain 115. how can tylenol be used to help emotional pain?: it reduces anterior cingulate cortex activity