Final exam
Card 1: Classification of Endocrine Glands
Q: Why is a primary endocrine gland classified as such?
A: Its main function is to produce hormones.
Card 2: Hormone Receptor Binding
Q: What is a hormone that binds to a receptor without causing a reaction?
A: An antagonist.
Card 3: Photoreceptors in the Dark
Q: What happens to photoreceptors in the dark?
A: They are depolarized compared to the usual -70 mV.
Card 4: Lingual Papillae Without Taste Buds
Q: Which lingual papillae do NOT have taste buds?
A: Filiform papillae.
Card 5: Paracrine Secretion Example
Q: What is an example of paracrine secretion?
A: Hypothalamus secretion to the anterior pituitary gland through blood.
Card 6: Pathway of Soundwaves in the Ear
Q: What is the correct pathway of soundwaves through the ear?
A: Oval window → Scala vestibuli → Cochlear duct → Scala tympani.
Card 7: Exocrine Gland Mode of Secretion
Q: What is true about merocrine glands?
A: Cells in merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
Card 8: Treating Hormone Hypersecretion
Q: What is NOT a good strategy to treat hypersecretion of a hormone?
A: Stimulate the secretion of the hormone.
Card 9: Organ of Corti Structure
Q: In the organ of Corti, what do the stereocilia of hair cells contact?
A: The tectorial membrane.
Card 10: Visual Field Deficit
Q: Loss of vision on the left side of the visual field for both eyes suggests a lesion where?
A: The right optic tract (CNS).
Card 11: Photoreceptor Response to Light
Q: What happens to a photoreceptor when stimulated by light?
A: The photoreceptor becomes hyperpolarized, and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at the basolateral membrane close up.
Card 12: Pituitary Dysfunction and Growth Hormone
Q: What happens when someone secretes low levels of growth hormone?
A: They secrete high levels of GHRH and low levels of IGF-1.
Card 13: Posterior Pituitary and ADH
Q: Does the posterior pituitary synthesize ADH?
A: False. The posterior pituitary releases but does not synthesize ADH.
Card 14: Photoreceptors in Darkness
Q: Are photoreceptors depolarized in darkness?
A: True.
Card 15: Salty Taste Mechanism
Q: Do mechanoreceptors detect salty taste?
A: False. Salty taste is sensed through Na+ channels.
Card 16: Vascularization of the Retina
Q: Is the retina highly vascularized?
A: False.
Card 17: Gustatory Cell Replacement
Q: Can gustatory cells be replaced?
A: True. Basal cells can replace gustatory cells.
Card 18: IPSP Initiation by Glutamate
Q: Can an IPSP be initiated by glutamate?
A: True, depending on the receptor it binds to (e.g., bipolar cells in the retina).
Card 19: Glands and Secretion
Q: Fill in the blanks: ____ glands secrete through ducts, while ductless ____ glands release ____ into the blood.
A: Exocrine glands secrete through ducts, while ductless endocrine glands release hormones.
Card 20: Hormone Functional Classification
Q: What is the term for a hormone whose presence is required for another hormone to exert its effects?
A: Permissive.
Card 21: Chronology of Vision Signal
Q: What happens after light is sensed by photoreceptors?
A:
1. Receptor cells hyperpolarize by closing sodium and calcium channels.
2. The neurotransmitter is not delivered to bipolar cells.
3. Bipolar cells become depolarized.
4. Ganglion cells are activated, sending the signal via the optic nerve.
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