PHILOSOPHY QUIZ REVIEWER

MARCELIAN REFLECTION


Reflection 

  • Is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life.

  • It is never exercised on things that are not worth the trouble reflecting about 

Gabriel Marcel 

  • “Reflection is rooted in a daily flow of life’s experience”

Divided into two: 


Primary Reflection

  1. It breaks the unity of experience of myself into several categories 

  2. It derives a clear concept from the process of abstraction 

  3. It only considers what is available to the senses 

  4. It looks at the person as fragments of scattered events or moments.

  5. Objective qualities of things are perceived 

  6. It is the foundation or instrument of scientific knowledge which is equivalent to the natural attitude of Husserl 

  7. It is a limited perspective.







Example

  1. In asking who am I? I am so and so, born this day, in such a place, with height and weight, etc.

  2. In a relationship. One may establish a relationship or friendship with somebody who is rich so that she may be able to borrow money in time of need. 

  3. In asking about one’s body. This body in mine is like other bodies, detached from the “I”, the body examined by the doctor studied by medical students, or a body sold by a prostitute. 

Secondary Reflection

  1. It recuperates the unity of original meaning and experience

  2. It does not go against the data of primary reflection by refuses to accept it as final 

  3. It is an act of gathering together the fragments of our experiences in order to truly see the big picture 

  4. It goes beyond what is physical 

  5. It is introspective 

  6. It recognizes the interconnectedness of everything 

  7. It is the instrument of philosophical 



Example 

  1. Who am I? I am more than my name; I enter into my inner core 

  2. In a relationship. One may establish a relationship or friendship with somebody who is rich not only so that he/she can borrow money in times of need.

  3. In asking about one’s body? I am my body. I feel pain whenever the dentist pulls my tooth. I experience a terrible feeling when I see my body. 


LESSON 2:

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING


6 Characteristics of Opinion 

  1. It is a belief instead of reality (some of which are unjustified)

  2. It tends to be false (some are biases and prejudices)

  3. It is rather abstract than concrete

  4. It is more subjective than objective (relative and variable)

  5. It is more controversial 

  6. Opinions are subjective propositions and are not very well supported by evidence or reasons. 



TRADITIONAL EXPLANATIONS

Theories of Truth 

Correspondence Theory 

  • Truth  can only be verified through what is physical and material

Coherence Theory 

  • Truth is contextualized under a universally claimed system, structure, or framework.

    • Ex. Mark is not handsome for everyone

Pragmatic Theory 

  • Truth based on the good and practical consequences of the idea. 


The search for truth makes more sense than the acquisition itself 


THE THEORY OF FORMS


World of Forms (Ideal world)

  • Conceptual world or the non-material world 

  • Refers to the world of ideas 

  • Non material 

  • The world of essences 

  • Unchanging 

  • Has independent Existence


World of Appearances 

  • Refers to the world we physically live in

  • Sensible 

  • Imperfect 

  • Changing 

  • Its existence depends on the forms 

  • Everything is a copy of reality

Whatness 

  • What makes the thing the thing Nature or essence 

The Allegory of the Cave 

  • A story full meaning and symbolisms 

  • The difference of two worlds 

  • Reality is found in the outside world. 

SYMBOLISM

  • The cave

    • World of senses

  • Prisoners 

    • People who believe in second hand knowledge.

  • Images of the wall

    • Illusion

  • Fire 

    • Huwhfb

  • Seeing the fire and the people 

  • Belief BAJIFbiabfa ambot wa nako ka catch up 


Phenomenology 

Phenomena

  • are observable events or occurrences.

Principle 

  • denotes a fundamental rule or guiding concept, phenomena are observable events or occurrences.

Experience 

  • is the accumulation of one's interactions and perceptions, consciousness is the state of self-awareness.

Prejudice 

  • is a preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience.

Essential 

  • signifies something crucial or indispensable.

Universal 

  • refers to something applicable or existing everywhere, without exception 





Edmund Husserl

  • mathematician-turned-Philopher

  • The man behind the starting point of Phenomenology

  • The ultimate root of Philosophy and all rational endeavors must not be found in a fixed concept or principle but through the holistic field of lived experience.

Phenomenology

  • a philosophical approach that focuses on the study of human experience and consciousness.

TWO GREEK WORDS:

"Phainomenon" = Appearances

"Logos" = Study


EPOCHE

  • There is something beautiful about this primary step because it allows a  suspension of one's prejudice so that the object of inquiry will unfold much purely.

EIDETIC REDUCTION

  • The sphere of seeing things as they really are independent of any biases.

  • Where phenomenology comes in