AP World Final Review Notes

Revival by Tang:
- Song Dynasty (1200-1450).
How the Song Dynasty Justified its Rule:
- Confucianism Principle:
  - Human society is naturally hierarchical, with unequal relationships.
  - Fathers-sons.
  - Husband-wife.
  - Ruler-subject.
- Neo-Confucianism:
  - Filial piety: Honoring ancestors and parents; served as training to honor the emperor.
  - Higher classes should treat lower classes with benevolence.
  - Lower classes should obey superiors.
  - Harmony leads to cultural flourishing in Chinese society.
  - Influence of Buddhist/Daoist philosophical ideas.
Continuity and Innovation:
- The revival of Confucianism shows historical continuity but also innovation as rulers changed Confucianism to suit their purposes.
Restrictions on Women:
- Legal rights were restricted.
- Property rights were deferred to husbands.
- Remarriage was forbidden.
- Foot binding was a status symbol.

Government Entity:
- Carries out the emperor's will.
- Thousands of workers ensure laws are followed and maintained.
Growth During Song Dynasty:
- Helped maintain rule.
- Civil service exam required for good positions.
- Heavily based on Confucianist principles.

Sufism:
- A form of Islam emphasizing mystical experience available to everyone, regardless of class/gender.
- Lack of theological rigor facilitated the spread of Islam.
Technological Innovation and Knowledge:
- Math: Al-Tusi developed trigonometry.
- House of Wisdom in Baghdad:
  - Scholars studied science and religion.
  - Translated Greek works (e.g., Plato) into Arabic and made extensive commentaries, preserving them.

Religious Struggle:
- Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism struggled for dominance.
Hinduism:
- Dominant in India.
- Polytheistic.
- The goal is to reunite with the ultimate soul: Brahman.
- Provided conditions for unified Indian culture.
Buddhism:
- Originated in India and spread across Asia.
- Similar to Hinduism regarding reincarnation.
- The goal is to dissolve into the universe.
- Emphasized equality, which became more likely to spread(universal), bypass the caste system unlike the ethnic religion Hindusim,
Delhi Sultanate:
- Established by Turks in 1206.
- Islam became the religion of the elites, then spread throughout Southeast Asia.

Bhakti Movement:
- Rejected hierarchy.
- Sufism (More mystical Islam).
- Both emphasized access to mystical experiences, despite original teachings.
- Encouraged favoring one spirituality for all and rejected elaborate doctrines of religion.
- Spread easier by emphasizing access.
Buddhism:
- Became more exclusive, only monks at first.
- Buddhism was on the decline.

Abrahamic Religions:
- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share core beliefs.
Islamic Doctrines:
- Mohammed taught salvation through righteous actions: charity, prayer, and fasting.
Dar Al-Islam:
- Mohammed was a trader; strong trading connections existed between regions where Islam was practiced (House of Islam).
Economic Prosperity:
- Islamic states were more economically prosperous than Christian ones because Jesus condemned accumulating wealth.

Ethnically Arab:
- Replaced Umayyad Caliphate.
- Peaked during the Islamic Golden Age.
- Ended by 1200.
- Islam facilitated trade and empire growth; rise of tech, science, and math.
New Islamic Empires:
- Rose in place of the Abbasids.
- Made up of Turkish people, not Arabs, and set up rival empires.
Seljuk Empire:
- Central Asians brought by the Abbasids to the Middle East; they took political power.
Mamluk Sultanate:
- Enslaved Turks brought for labor; Mamluks seized power.
Delhi Sultanate (South Asia):
- Conquered and ruled by Turks.
Continuity in Muslim Empires:
- As Arab Muslim empires declined, Turkic empires rose.
- Resembled Arab empires and implemented Sharia Law (code of laws established in the Quran).

Military Expansion:
- E.g., Delhi Sultanate.
Merchant Activity:
- Trade in Muslim-ruled areas facilitated religious conversion, partly for trade.
Muslim Missionaries:
- Sufis.

Booming Economy:
- Widespread commercialization: Sold excess produced goods to the world market.
- Paper money, credit/promissory notes.
Iron and Steel Production:
- Large-scale manufacturers and home-based artisans produced enough iron and steel for armor, coins for trade and taxation, and agricultural tools.
Agricultural Innovation:
- Champa Rice (introduced from Vietnam):
  - Drought resistant.
  - Harvestable twice a year, doubling agricultural output and leading to more food and population growth.
Transportation Innovation:
- Expanded Grand Canal made trade between regions easier.
- Magnetic compass improved sea navigation and facilitated sea-based trade.
- New shipbuilding techniques: Junk ships with stern-mounted rudders made navigation more accurate, leading to more trade and economic prosperity.

Civil Service Exam:
- Used in maintaining/justifying Song Dynasty rule.
- The bureaucracy was staffed with qualified men selected on merit, not nepotism, increasing competency and efficiency.
Korea's Relationship with China:
- Korea paid tribute to China, allowing them to maintain a friendly political and economic relationship.
- Korean court used a similar civil service examination.
- Korea adopted many Confucian principles, organizing their family structures.
- Korea went even further in marginalizing the roles of women.
Japan's Voluntary Adoption:
- Adopted systems they deemed useful from China.
Vietnam's Tribute System:
- Similar to Korea's.
- Elite Vietnamese members adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese literary techniques, and the civil service exam.
- Women in Vietnam were not as marginalized; they had female Buddha/gods.
Buddhism's Evolution:
- Originated in India, spread to China and elsewhere, then changed.
  - Theravada (Sri Lanka): Mainly restricted to monks escaping the cycle of rebirth.
  - Mahayana: Teaching available to all, emphasized compassion and Buddha devotion.
  - Tibetan: Mystical practices, elaborate imaginings of gods.
Buddhism in Song Dynasty:
- Although the Song Dynasty emphasized traditional Chinese ideas like Confucianism, Buddhism continued to play a significant role in their society.
- Chinese Chan Buddhism.