Criminology as Reflected in the Poetic Themes Used in George Crabbe's Poetry

The paper explores criminology as a theme in George Crabbe's poems, examining their connection to eighteenth-century social conditions.
Crimes are portrayed as a dark phenomenon in the world, particularly in Great Britain, which faced social issues like corruption, poverty, and insecurity.
Crabbe's poems, including 'Smugglers and Poachers', 'Peter Grimes', and 'The Election', delve into the concept of crime in English poetry.
The paper investigates the causes of criminality, different types of crimes, and legal penalties during the eighteenth century.
It highlights the link between crimes in Crabbe's poems and real criminological events.
Crabbe uses character names to suggest the crimes they commit, such as Grimes, which echoes the word 'crimes'. The character Grimes was inspired by Elizabeth Brownrigg.

The term 'criminologie' is believed to have been first used by French anthropologist Paul Topinard in 1879, while others credit Raffaele Garofalo with 'criminologia' in 1885 (Treadwell, 2013, p.6).
From the mid-18th to the mid-20th centuries, criminological theories emerged to analyze crime and criminal justice.
These theories explain law-making and law-breaking processes.
Macro theories explain differences in crime rates, while micro theories identify individual reasons for committing crimes (Akers, Sellers, and Jennings, 2013, p.12).
Organized crime involves transnational, national, or local groups engaged in illegal activities for profit (Macionis, 2010, p. 206).
Gangs can evolve into criminal organizations, referred to as mafias, mobs, networks, or subcultures (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017).
The definition of organized crime varies due to differing social, economic, and legal contexts (Gandhirajan, 2004, p. 4).
Smuggling was a significant organized crime in the 16th-18th centuries, derived from the German