4.1

Essential Questions:

  • Why were the politics of the 1790s so divisive?

  • What were the domestic and foreign challenges and accomplishments of Presidents Washington, Adams, and Jefferson?

  • How did the federal government expand in its role and powers between 1790-1820?

    • Judiciary act of 1801 - created new judgeships & othr positios prez adams filled w/ federalists at the last moment

    • Marbury v Madison 1803 - VA John Marshal marshall (chief justice s.c.) voided section of judiciary act of 2789

      asserted court authority to review congressional legislation & interperet constitution

    • lousiana p

  • Today very few Americans have heard of the War of 1812, but it was considered to be a great war for nationalism, and it “killed the First Party System.” Was it a nationalist war? And did it kill “the First Party System”?

    • yes, nationalist - advocated american independency

    • yes, federalists who opposed war weakened

  • Thomas Jefferson saw himself as a defender of the 10th Amendment. Did his actions while President justify his self-conception?

    • no, louisiana purchae, expanded territory w/o constitutional right

    • embargo act - reduced states freedoms


Identifications/Key Terms:

The Jefferson Presidency . . . 227

  • Virginia Dynasty - thomas jefferson, james madison, james Monroe

    • supported bt farmers & republican congress majorities

    • reversed federalist policies & support ward expansiowest

  • Judiciary act of 1801 - created new judgeships & othr positios prez adams filled w/ federalists at the last moment

  • after Kentucky & VA repudiated Alien & SSedition acts → John Marshall declared only supreme court had pwr of constitutional review

    • Marbury v Madison 1803 - VA John Marshal marshall (chief justice s.c.) voided section of judiciary act of 2789

      • asserted court authority to review congressional legislation & interperet constitution

        • state legislators → less pwr

  • amended naturalization Act, waiting time 5 yrs

  • expanded nat gov size & pwr

  • abolished internal tax & excise tax

  • repealed judiciart act 1801, outing adam’s appointees

  • appointed Albert Gallitin secretary treasury → lowered national debt → fiscal affairs no longer run in interest of creditors & merchants

  • Marbury v. Madison - 228

Jefferson and the West . . . 229

  • Jefferson championed westward settlement

  • pinckney’s treary 1795 - supported bt Jefferson, U.S. x Spain agreement → mississippi river for U.S. trade

    • settlers export crops w/ port of New orleans (spanish)

  • pursuad policies supported farm family land ownership

    • repub congresses reduced land per acre cost, allowed illegal squatters to buy farms

    • Homestead Act of 1862 - farmsteads to settlers for free

  • The Louisiana Purchase - 229

    • 1799 - Napoleon pwr in France → reestablish France U.S. empire

      • 1801 - secret treaty w/ spain → returned Louisiana to france

        • rstricted U.S. acces to New orleans, violating pickney’s treaty

        • invaded sugar island of haiti

    • Napolean → jefferson questioned pro french foreign policy

      • sent james monroe to negotiate brit allaince

      • told robert livingston (U.S. paris minister) negotiate N.O. purchase

    • Louisiana purchase 1803 - French haiti invasion failing → Napoleon feared U.S. invasion of Louisiana

      • sold louisiana to america

    • Louisiana purchase → Jefforson doubted Consitution’s strict interpretation

      • no provision for adding new territory → used loose interp to complete deal w/ france

  • Secessionists Schemes - 229

    • succesionists - supported by Aaron burr, (vice prez)

      • N.E. federalists feared w expansion would hurt region & party

        • talked abt leaving union & forming northeastern state confederacy

          • Alex H accuse burr trying destroy union → duel

    • End of term → Burr move w to avoid prosecution

      • conspire w/ gen James Wilkinson (milit gov LA territory) to seize N.S. territ/est LA seperate nation

        • James - spainish spy → arrested Burr, acquited of treason

  • Lewis and Clark Meet Mandans and Sioux - 230

    • Jefferson curious abt LA

    • sent secretary Meriwether Lewis w/ army office William Clark to explore & live w/ Mandan & Hidatsa ppls near missouri river

      • siuox - fighters tried to reduce Mandans to subject ppls

        • origonally in nrthrn Minnosota

        • dominated buffalo trade

    • 1805 - Lewis & clark w/ Toussaint charbonneau (frnch fur trader) & shoshone wife sacagawea ventured to LA purchase

      • 1806 - 1st maps of natural res & ppls

The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics 231

  • Napoleonic wars 1802+ - leaders tried protecting nat commerce & avoid war

    • failed → federalist party distroyed

    • republicans → national & jeffersonian factions

Conflict in the Atlantic and the West 232

  • Napoleon cut off contries commerce w/ britain

    • seized U.S. merchant ships in Brit ports

      • Brits - naval blockade & seized U.S. vessels

        • impressment - brit navy searched U.S. merchant ships fr Brit deserters, replenished crews

  • 1807 - Brit warship attacked U.S. navy vessel Chesapeake

    • american anger

  • The Embargo of 1807 - 232

    • Embargo act of 1807 - proho=ibited U.S. ships from leaving home ports til Brit & france stopped restricting U.S. trade

      • weakened economy → merchants feared embargo wld ruin them

  • James Madison prez 1808 - constitution advocate, made Bill of rights, congressmen & party leader

    • too “timid & indecisive” → replaced embargo w/ eco restritions → failed

  • Western War Hawks- 232

    • Brit trade w/ ohio river valley indians → violated treaty of paris & jay’s treaty

      • help from trade, Shawnee chief Tecumseh → revived w confederacy 1809

        • propher tenskwatawa - nativist ideology, shunned americans

          • prophetstown - holy village indiana territ

    • William Henry Harrison 1811 (indiana gov) - attacked prophetstown while tecumseh away

      • battle of Tippecanoe → destroyed holy village

    • Henry Clay (kentucky, H.o.R speaker) & John C calhoun (congressman SC) → pushed madison to seize territ in brit canada & spanish florida through war

      • 1812 -Jefferson ultimatum to britain unanswered → congress accept delcaration of war

        • N.E. & mid atlantic federalists → voted against war

        • S and W - vote for madison & supported war

The War of 1812 - 233

  • 1812 invasion of Brit Canada → retreat → stayed offensive in west

    • won battles at York (toronto) & lake eerie, tecumseh death

    • N.E. fedaralists → prevented state militias from attacking canada, against war

    • 1813 - brit warships disrupt U.S. commerce, threatning seaports along Alt coast

    • 1814 - brit attacked Washington city → burn U.S. capitol

    • Battle of Horseshoe bend 1814 - andrew jackson & tennesse militia defeat brit & spain supporte creek indians & gained land

  • Federalist Oppose the War - 237

    • U.S. milit setbacks → federalists called for revision of constitution → Hartford convention

      • end VA presidential dominancy → amendment limiting office to a 4 year term & rotating among citizens from diff states

        • comercial embargoes restricted 60 days

        • 2/3 majority congress to declare war, prohibit trade/admit state to union

    • war coming from n & s→ raised nat debt

    • 1814 - brit attack from canad → brit troops outside New orleans → threatened U.S> cntrl mississippi river

  • Peace Overtures and a Final Victory - 238

    • 1815 - Brit want peace → Treaty of gehnt, christmas eve

      • retained prewar borders of U.S.

    • Jan 1815 - Jackson victory at new orleans → national hero → undercut hartford convention demands for constitutional revision

First Hand Accounts - Factional Politics and the War of 1812 - 234