KEY TERMS

acetyl CoA combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)

aerobic respiration process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic process that does not use oxygen
anaerobic cellular respiration process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen

ATP synthase (also F1F0 ATP synthase) membrane-embedded protein complex that adds a phosphate to ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it

chemiosmosis process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane

citric acid cycle (also Krebs cycle) series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells for extraction of energy from carbohydrates

dephosphorylation removal of a phosphate group from a molecule

fermentation process of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor; occurs in the absence of oxygen

GLUT protein integral membrane protein that transports glucose

glycolysis process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

isomerase enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer

Krebs cycle (also citric acid cycle) alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after Hans Krebs, who first identified the steps in the pathway in the 1930s in pigeon flight muscles; see citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in the presence of oxygen

phosphorylation addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP

prosthetic group (also prosthetic cofactor) molecule bound to a protein that facilitates the function of the protein

pyruvate three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions; the end product of glycolysis

redox reaction chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction

substrate-level phosphorylation production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant

TCA cycle (also citric acid cycle) alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after the group name for citric acid, tricarboxylic acid (TCA); see citric acid cycle

ubiquinone soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third