APHUG 1.1

AP Human Geography

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this is the world in which we all call

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home large urban areas spread across the

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globe populations rise and fall while

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religions languages and cultures spread

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the never-changing climate and

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globalization continue to transform

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supply lines economies governments and

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the lives of Everyday People

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this is the world we live in and this is

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AP Human Geography but I'm already

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getting ahead of myself after all this

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is just an introduction video to start

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let's take another look at our world now

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you probably do not view the world as a

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globe that often a globe is just not the

Map Projections

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most practical way to view the world in

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your daily life it does not help you

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with directions you cannot look at all

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the individual countries at once and it

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clearly doesn't show boundaries within a

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country instead of using a globe we use

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map projection you probably have seen a

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map like this at some point in your life

Mercator Map Projection

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maybe it was online when you were trying

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to get directions to a friend's house or

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it was in your classroom at your school

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this is the Mercator map projection you

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can tell because of the right angles the

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focus on longitude and latitude and also

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the shape of the map this map is great

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for displaying accurate Direction which

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is one of the reasons why it was used

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for Naval Expedition but did you know

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that this map is wrong wait what how can

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the map be wrong while this map is

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accurate at showing Direction it does

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does have significant Distortion in the

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size and location of the landmass for

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example look at Africa and Greenland on

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this map Africa appears to be much

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smaller than Greenland when in reality

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it is the exact opposite in fact Africa

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is so large that you could fit almost

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all of the United States Italy Germany

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France the Netherlands Belgium Spain

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Portugal almost all of Eastern Europe

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India China Japan and the United Kingdom

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all inside Africa but you would never

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know that if you just went off the

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Mercator map if we were to put all these

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circles around the globe and then

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project them onto the Mercator map

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projection we would get an image that

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looks like this notice how the circles

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still keep their shape but the size

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varies depending on the location of the

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circle and it isn't just this map that

Fundamental Problem Of All Maps

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has some pretty major flaws in fact

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every map you have ever looked at has

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Distortion whenever we try to view the

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globe on a flat surface we can see the

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Distortion impacts either the direction

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the shape the area distance or some

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sometimes all of them at once okay so if

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the Mercator map projection is flawed

Goode Homolosine Projection

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then what map projection should we use

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well we could use the good homilcene

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projection which is an interrupted map

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this map projection is an equal area

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projection it excels at showing the true

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size and shape of the earth's land

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masses but has Distortion with distance

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and Distortion near the edges of the map

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this map is also not that helpful for

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direction since it is an interrupted map

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another interrupted map that we could

Fuller (Dymaxion) Projection

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use is the Fuller map projection this

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projection shows land masses without an

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eruption and maintains accurate size and

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shape but it does not use the cardinal

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directions which makes it kind of

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difficult for people to read plus it

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still struggles with the Distortion

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especially as you get farther away from

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the center point if we go back to map

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projections that are uninterrupted we

Robinson Projection

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could look at the Robinson projection

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this map projection puts the majority of

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the Distortion at the pole and it

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maintains the true size and shape of the

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landmass we could also look at the

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Winkle triple projection which is

Winkel Tripel Projection

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similar to the Robinson projection this

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projection is rounder in shape and also

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larger this map projection is similar to

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the Robinson in that it spreads

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Distortion out throughout the entire map

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but tries to concentrate as much of the

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Distortion as possible at the pole

Gall-Peters Projection

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there's also the gaul's Peter projection

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which is one of the most accurate map

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projections that's showing the true size

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of land masses but we can see

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immediately that it has a significant

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amount of distortion in the shape of the

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land masses and also Direction

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oftentimes people will compare the

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gaul's Peter projection with the

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Mercator map projection here you can

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easily see the difference in the size

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location and shape of the land masses

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honestly we could go on and on with map

Map Projections, Distortion, & Use

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projections there are hundreds of

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different map projections that all

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depict the globe in a different way each

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map projection is better suited for

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different purposes and each projection

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is impacted by Distortion in different

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ways now people use maps for a variety

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of different reasons but regardless of

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the use we can generally categorize Maps

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into two main categories reference maps

Reference Maps

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and also thematic Maps reference maps

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are informational Maps these Maps would

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be used to find the boundaries of a

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place look at different geographic

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features or be able to be used to get

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directions from point A to point B for

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example if you go to Disney World you'll

Examples of Reference Maps

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probably use a reference map to move

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around the park or if you're going to be

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going on a hike with friends you'll use

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a topographic map to understand how the

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elevation will change on your height or

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let's say you're ready for some dinner

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and you're trying to get to the nearest

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Chipotle you'll want to use a reference

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map for direction or maybe you want to

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use a reference map to better understand

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the public transportation in an area all

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of these are examples of reference map

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Now when using reference Maps you'll

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often be looking at absolute and

Absolute & Relative Location, Distance, & Direction

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relative distance which can sometimes be

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confused with absolute and relative

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location or Direction many students mix

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these terms up so it's important to

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remember the difference between them

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Absolute direction is the exact

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Direction you are heading for example if

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you were traveling east of your current

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location your compass will show 90

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degrees relative direction is when you

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use the surrounding area for direction

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for example I'm north of you right now

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notice the direction depends on the

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current situation it's not precise and

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could change absolute distance is the

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exact distance between two places

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usually measured in miles or kilometers

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for example Chipotle is 2.5 miles away

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from the Xcel Energy Center relative

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distance is an approximate measurement

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between two places usually talked about

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in time or direction for example

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Chipotle is about six minutes away from

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the XL Energy Center absolute location

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is the exact spot where something is

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located for example the GPS coordinates

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of a plate here you are using longitude

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and latitude lastly relative location is

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a description of a location using the

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surrounding geographic feature for

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example my house is near the water tower

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and the fire station thematic maps on

Thematic Maps

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the other hand display spatial patterns

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of places and use quantitative data to

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display specific topics these maps

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present the reader with specific

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information that I can tell a story

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about an area chloropleth maps display

Choropleth Map

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data by using different colors these

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maps are great at showing quantity and

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density but use generalizations to

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display the information for example when

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looking at this chloroplus map we can

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see the average life expectancy for each

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country around the world notice that

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each color represents a different

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average life expectancy the darker the

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color the longer people in the country

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are living one problem with this map is

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it's using generalizations to display

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the data for example take the United

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States when looking at this map we can

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see that the average life expectancy is

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around 82 years old but if we change the

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scale the map we can see that each state

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in the United States has different

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average life expectancy with some of the

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states having an average life expectancy

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well below the national average so here

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we can see the scale of the map was

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impacting our data and what we could

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perceive small scale Maps such as our

Small Scale & Large Scale Maps

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global map have to use more generalities

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since they're showing more of the

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Earth's surface while large-scale Maps

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such as a map of a local community can

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use specific data and avoid generalities

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in the data since it's showing less of

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the Earth's surface now let's say we

Dot Density Map

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want to be a little bit more specific

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with where the data on our thematic map

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is being displayed so we don't want to

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use a chloropleth map well we could use

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a DOT density map these Maps show data

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with points at the place the data is

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occurring this allows us to see spatial

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distribution but can become confusing if

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the data is clustered together in a

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specific area if data objects items

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people or information are close together

Clustered & Dispersed

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it means there's little space between

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them so everything is packed together if

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it is dispersed it means it's spread out

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over a geographic area and there's more

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space between the items or information

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for example if we look at the racial dot

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map which uses information from the

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United States census we can see where

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people are living in the United States

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based on their rate each dot is one

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person notice though that in larger

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cities with a higher density the dots

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seem to blend together as one since

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people are living so close together

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making it difficult to clearly see each

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dot another map that is similar to The

Graduated Symbol Map

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Dot density map is a graduated symbol

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map these Maps use shapes items or

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symbols to show the location and amount

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of data these maps are often really

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visual but can become confusing due to

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the overlapping information for example

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if we look at the 2016 United States

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presidential election we can see this

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graduated symbol map displays each

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State's voting breakdown and the amount

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of people that voted in each state Ice

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Line Maps use lines to connect different

Isoline Map

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areas that have similar or equal amounts

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of information oftentimes you'll see

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these Maps as weather maps but these

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Maps can be difficult for people to read

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partogram maps show data in a dynamic

Cartogram Map

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way with the greatest value represented

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by the largest area these maps are very

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Visual and can clearly show differences

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between different places but can

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sometimes be confusing due to the amount

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of distortion of the shape and size of

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places as you can see here we're looking

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at this cartogram showing organic

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agriculture notice how some countries

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are almost non-existent on this map

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While others seem to dominate the entire

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map here the larger the country tree the

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more organic agriculture is being

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practiced and the smaller the country

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the less lastly there's a flow line map

Flowline Map

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these Maps show the movement of

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different Goods people animals services

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or ideas between different places as we

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can see here when looking at the top 15

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United States trade Partners from 2011.

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here we can see the amount of trade is

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illustrated by the size of the arrow and

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the direction of the trade is color

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coded to show both exports and import

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all right you did it one topic review

Practice Quiz

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video down now in order to help make

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sure you truly understand all the

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different information in this video take

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some time and answer the different

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questions on the screen right now when

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you're ready to check your answers go

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down to the comment section down below

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also when you're down there don't forget

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to check out my ultimate review packet

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and subscribe the ultimate review packet

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has resources for every unit of AP Human

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Geography it is a great resource and

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it'll definitely help you get an A in

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your class and a five on the national

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exam well that's all the time we have

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for today thank you so much for watching

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I'm Mr sin and I'll see you next time on

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online