Final exam CJS

Prisons experienced significant COVID-19 outbreaks. Authorities implemented early releases to reduce spread, but this raised concerns among victims' families.
Over 125 countries have prisons exceeding design capacity, making them "petri dishes" for illnesses.

The U.S. has a high incarceration rate with numerous facilities, many of which are old and overcrowded.
Overcrowding leads to the conversion of recreational spaces into dormitories.
Characterized as "schools for crime," prisons can foster criminal sophistication.

Prisons are total institutions where inmates are segregated, monitored, and must adhere to strict rules.
Personal possessions are taken away, and many human functions are curtailed.
Some institutions follow a no-frills policy.
Inmates undergo classification and are assigned to facilities based on their needs and offense history.
They face a loss of privacy, dignity, and are vulnerable to manipulation and violence.
Health issues are common due to communicable diseases.

Inmates experience depression and must adopt defensive lifestyles to avoid victimization.
Sex offenders struggle to adjust.
Violence is common, and inmates may join gangs for protection.
Survival depends on avoiding troubled inmates and seeking protective measures.

Inmates cope through isolation, friendships, or seeking advice.
Victimization is influenced by lifestyle and activities.
Rule-breaking is associated with youth, low IQ, and repeat offenses.
Inmates form a unique subculture with an inmate social code that dictates behavior.
Prisonization involves assimilation into the prison culture, affecting reformation prospects.

Key elements include not interfering with inmates' interests, staying calm, avoiding exploitation, being tough, and not being a sucker.
Those who adhere to the code are respected, while exploiters are shunned.
Prisonization can lead to long-term hostility and violence.

The importation of outside values has altered prison life, diminishing the old inmate subculture's influence.
Racial tensions and gang activity have increased, leading to protective custody for vulnerable inmates.

Female inmates are often young, minority, undereducated, and have troubled backgrounds.
Many have experienced abuse and have substance abuse issues.
Pregnancy and childcare present significant challenges.

Women's prisons experience less violence but confinement leads to anxiety and self-destructive acts.
Make-believe families are common coping mechanisms.

Motives include sexual dominance, extortion, racial conflict, and power establishment.
Factors include prior violence, psychological issues, prison conditions, lack of dispute resolution, and survival.

Causes include the inmate-balance theory, administrative-control theory, and prison overcrowding theory.

Factors include barrack-style housing, large populations, and lenient security.
White inmates and those with mental health issues are more likely to be victimized.