Anaphy Rawr

a) cardiomyopathy

  • Cardiomyopathy (kahr-dee-o-my-OP-uh-thee) is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.

  • It causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well. In some cases, the heart rhythm also becomes disturbed. This leads to arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).

b) corpus striatum:

  • Primary nuclei that is located deep within the cerebrum

  • Part of the basal ganglia

  • Involved in motor control and reward processing

c) coronary thrombosis:

  • Blood clot in the coronary arteries

  • Can lead to heart attack

d) substantia nigra:

  • Group of darkly pigmented cells in the midbrain

  • Produces dopamine

  • Involved in movement control

e) myocardial infarction:

  • Medical term for heart attack

  • Occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked

f) Nearsightedness:

  • Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly

  • Caused by elongated eyeball or steep cornea

g) Hemophilia:

  • Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting

  • Results in prolonged bleeding and easy bruising

h) Farsightedness:

  • Difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly

  • Caused by shorter eyeball or flat cornea

i) Malaria:

  • Infectious disease caused by parasites

  • Transmitted through mosquito bites

j) Color blindness:

  • Absence or perception of one or more colors

  • Inability to distinguish certain colors

  • Most commonly affects red and green perception

k) Stroke:

  • Caused by bleeding in the brain or a clot or spasm blocking cerebral blood vessels that results in a local area of cell death; symptoms include loss of speech, numbness, or paralysis

  • Interruption of blood flow to the brain

  • Can cause brain damage or death

l) Nervous system:

  • Controls and coordinates body functions

  • Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

  • Receiving sensory input

  • Integrating Information

  • Controlling muscles and glands

  • maintaining hemeostasis

  • establising and maintaining mental activity

m) Endocrine system:

  • Is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs

  • Regulates hormone production and release

n) Encephalitis:

  • Inflammation of the brain

  • Often caused by virus and less often by bacteria or other agents;symptoms include fever, coma and convulsions

o) Meningitis:

  • Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

  • Can be bacterial infection or viral in nature; symptoms include stiffness in the neck, head ache, and fever; severe cases can cause paralysis, coma or death

Functions of:

Cranial nerves

  • carry impulses to and from the brain

Endocrine

  • Metabolism

  • Control of food intake & digestion

  • Tissue development

  • Ion regulation

  • Water balance

  • Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

  • Control of blood glucose & other nutrients

  • Control of reproductive functions

  • Uterine contractions& milk release

  • Immune system regulation

Blood

  • Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products.

  • Transport of processed molecules.

  • Transport of regulatory molecules.

  • Reguiation of pH and osmosis.

  • Maintenance of body temperatre.

  • Protection against foreign substunces.

  • Clot formation.

Nervous system

  • Receiving sensory input

  • Integrating Information

  • Controlling muscles and glands

  • Maintaining hemeostasis

  • Establising and maintaining mental activity

Structure of:

Cranial Nerves

Chambers of eye

Meninges

1. Meninges-

membranes that envelop

the brain and spinal cord and separate them from the walls of their bony cases

Types Meninges

a) Dura Mater- superficial and thick layer; adheres tightly to cranial bones; consist

Epidural Space- space of vertebral canal; between the dura mater and vertaebrae which is clinically vital for injection of epidural anesthesia to spinal nervel usually done in childbirth

b) Arachnoid mater- very thin, whispy second layer

• Subdural space- between the dura & arachnoid mater; contains a very small amount of serous fluid.

c) Pia Mater- very tighly bound to the surface of brain and spinal cord.

Subarachnoid space

  • is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

  • Is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains blood vessels

  • Health professionals use such a needle to inject anesthetic into the area as a spinal block or to take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid in a spinal tap

Sensory receptors

Blood from lungs to heart pumps