Study Guide for BIO 2050 Exam # 1(1) - Tagged

Cytology: Study of cells and their physiological properties.
Embryology: Study of embryonic development.
Histology: Study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Pathology: Study of diseases and their causes, processes, development, and consequences.

Hierarchy from simplest to most complex:
- Atom: Basic unit of matter.
- Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together.
- Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life.
- Tissue: Group of similar cells working together.
- Organ: Structure composed of two or more tissue types.
- Organ System: Group of organs working together.

Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
- Respond to changes by initiating reactions to counteract the change.
- Examples include thermoregulation and blood sugar regulation.
- Best maintain homeostasis.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms:
- Enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state.
- Example includes childbirth.

Components:
- Receptor: Senses the change (stimulus).
- Control Center: Receives and processes the information from receptor.
- Effector: Executes the response to the stimulus.
Identification in Scenarios:
- Be able to identify stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector in homeostatic scenarios.
- Distinguish between negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Isotonic: Equal concentrations of solute inside and outside a cell.
Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside the cell; leads to cell swelling.
Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell; leads to cell shrinking.
Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Factors Affecting Rate of Diffusion:
- Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, and distance.

Glycoproteins: Proteins with carbohydrate chains; play a role in cell recognition.
Glycolipids: Lipids with carbohydrate chains; contribute to the stability of cell membranes.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Process by which cells internalize substances through receptor-ligand interactions.
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
- Protects the cell, provides structure, regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Membrane Proteins: Integral and peripheral proteins that aid transport, signaling, and cell recognition.
Membrane Cholesterol: Adds fluidity and stability to the cell membrane.

Passive Transport: Movement across the membrane without energy (ATP); includes diffusion and osmosis.
Active Transport: Movement against the concentration gradient; requires ATP.
- Primary Active Transport: Direct use of ATP to transport molecules.
- Secondary Active Transport: Indirect use of ATP, relies on concentration gradients.
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport that requires a protein to help molecules cross the membrane.

Hypotonic Solution: Causes cell swelling (lysis).
Hypertonic Solution: Causes cell shrinking (crenation).
Osmotic Water Concentration Gradient: Drives water movement affecting osmotic rates.
Mitochondrial Poisoning: Affects ATP production, hindering active transport but not passive transport.
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Active transport mechanism that maintains sodium and potassium concentrations across the membrane.

Tissue Repair:
- Regeneration: Replacement of damaged tissue with the same type.
- Fibrosis: Formation of scar tissue.
Sensory Receptors in the Skin: Mediate touch, temperature, pain, and pressure sensations.
- Functions of skin include protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.

Study various components of the plasma membrane and their functions, including movement mechanisms.