AICE marine science paper 2

  • formulas to know:

    - the Lincoln index: used to estimate the population of a species. also known as the “catch-mark-release-recapture” method.

    - N= estimated population size
    n1 = first sample captured and marked
    n2 = second sample captured
    m2 = number of marked individuals recaptured

    - ex: In a study of fish in a lake, researchers capture 100 fish, mark them, and release them back into the lake. Two weeks later, they capture a second sample of 80 fish, 10 of which are marked.

    Question: Estimate the total population of fish in the lake.

    • set up: 100 times 80, then divide by 10

    • answer: 800

    - Simpsons index of diversity: used to calculate biodiversity

    • very easy

    • ex: In a coastal ecosystem, researchers observe the following numbers of individuals of different species of crabs:

      • Species A: 12 crabs

      • Species B: 30 crabs

      • Species C: 8 crabs

      • Species D: 50 crabs

      Question: Calculate the Simpson's Index of Diversity for this ecosystem.

      - set up: (12/100)²+(30/100)²+(8/100)²+(50/100)² ——> calculate

      - answer: subtract 1 from 0.361, gives you 0.639

    - energy transfer efficiency: calculating energy transfer through food chains/webs/trophic levels.

    • formula:

      - ex: In a marine food chain, the following data is given:

      • Producers (phytoplankton): 10,000 J of energy

      • Primary consumers (zooplankton): 1,500 J of energy

      • Secondary consumers (small fish): 250 J of energy

      • Tertiary consumers (large fish): 50 J of energy

      Question 1: Calculate the energy transfer efficiency from:

      1. Producers to primary consumers

      2. Primary consumers to secondary consumers

      3. Secondary consumers to tertiary consumers

      • 1. 15%

      • 2. 16.67%

      • 3. 20%

      - primary productivity: to find the rate of primary productivity

      • formula:

      • GPP = Gross Primary Productivity (the total energy captured by producers through photosynthesis)

      • R = Respiration (the energy used by producers for their own metabolism, like growth, reproduction, etc.)

      • NPP = Net Primary Productivity (the energy left over after respiration, which is available for other organisms, like herbivores)

        - ex: In a marine ecosystem, researchers measure the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Respiration (R) of phytoplankton over a period of time:

        • GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) = 8,000 J/m²/day

        • R (Respiration) = 2,000 J/m²/day

        Question:

        1. Calculate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in the ecosystem.

        2. If 1,000 J/m²/day of energy from the phytoplankton is transferred to primary consumers, what is the energy available to primary consumers?

          - answers:

          1. 6,000 J/m²/day

          2. 1,000 J/m²/day

    • sampling methods:

      - continuous sampling: any specie that touch's the line gets recorded

      - systemic sampling: species recorded at regular intervals

    • word equation for photosynthesis:

      - carbon dioxide + water—→ glucose + oxygen

    • word equation for respiration:

      - glucose + oxygen—→ carbon dioxide + water + energy

    • lipids:

      - fats and oils

      - chemical structure for lipids: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

    • plankton are microorganisms that float in the water