Q2W4 - Day 1-4 Sessions Science 9 (1)

Organic Chemistry Overview

• Organic Chemistry: The branch of chemistry focused on carbon-containing compounds.

  • Studies the structure, properties, reactions, and uses of organic molecules.

Importance of Carbon

• Carbon's Unique Properties:

  • Forms four covalent bonds.

  • Can create long chains and complex molecular structures.

Organic Compounds and Biomolecules

• Key Types of Organic Compounds:

  • Carbohydrates: Provide energy (e.g., glucose).

  • Proteins: Build and repair tissues (e.g., enzymes).

  • Lipids: Store energy and form cell membranes.

  • Nucleic Acids: Carry genetic information (DNA & RNA).

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change

• Greenhouse Effect: Burning fossil fuels emits CO₂ and methane, which traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

• Fossil Fuels: Hydrocarbons formed from ancient remains, are energy-rich but contribute to CO₂ emissions.

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon naturally cycles between the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms.

• Human activities disrupt this cycle, increasing atmospheric CO₂ levels.

Classification of Organic Compounds

• Types:

  • Hydrocarbons: Compounds of carbon and hydrogen (e.g., methane, propane).

  • Alcohols: Contain -OH group (e.g., ethanol).

  • Carboxylic Acids: Contain -COOH group (e.g., acetic acid).

  • Esters: Often responsible for pleasant smells.

Differences Between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry: Focuses on carbon-containing compounds, primarily C-H bonds.

• Inorganic Chemistry: Studies compounds that do not include C-H bonds, such as metals and salts.

Properties of Organic Compounds

• General Characteristics:

  • Often have low melting and boiling points.

  • Generally nonpolar and less soluble in water.

  • Flammable and stable structures.

Real-World Applications

• Pharmaceuticals: Development of medicines.

• Materials: Creation of plastics and fibers.

• Energy: Production of biofuels.

• Agriculture: Design of fertilizers and pesticides.

Hydrocarbons

• Types:

  • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds).

  • Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (double bonds).

  • Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (triple bonds).

  • Cycloalkanes: Ring-structured alkanes.

  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Have a benzene ring.

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

• Compounds containing Oxygen:

  • Alcohols: Hydroxyl group (-OH).

  • Ethers: Two alkyl groups bound to oxygen.

  • Aldehydes and Ketones: Carbonyl group (-CO).

  • Carboxylic Acids: Carboxyl group (-COOH).

  • Esters: Contain -COO group.

• Compounds containing Nitrogen:

  • Amines: Contain -NH2 group.

  • Amides: Derived from carboxylic acids, used in various industries.