Araling Panlipunan Reviewer

Globalization (Globalisasyon)

Definition:

  • The free and widespread interaction of countries across the world.

How the Concept of Globalization is Understood:

  1. Silk Road – A trade route from China to Western Asia and Europe that facilitated the exchange of goods and cultures.

  2. Alexander the Great – A king who spread Hellenistic culture through his conquests, helping global interaction.

  3. Galleon Trade – A type of ship used in trade between the Philippines and Mexico during the colonial era, which expanded international relations.

  4. Industrial Revolution – A period of rapid industrial and technological development that stimulated trade and globalization.

Factors of Globalization (Mga Salik ng Globalisasyon):

  • Existence of global markets

  • Growth of international financial transactions

  • Development of modern global transportation and communication

  • Expansion of trade by transnational corporations

  • Increase in foreign direct investments in various countries

  • Spread of modern ideas and technologies

Aspekto ng Globalisasyon:

  • Komunikasyon

  • Paglalakbay

  • Popular na Kultura

  • Ekonomiya

  • Politika

Positive Effects of Globalization (Positibong Epekto ng Globalisasyon):

  • Adoption of Western products and Asian cultures

  • Development and progress of a nation

  • Filipinos learn different foreign languages

  • Filipinos improve their skills in technology

  • Stronger relationships with other countries

Negative Effects of Globalization (Negatibong Epekto ng Globalisasyon):

  • Weakening and erasure of national identity

  • English becoming the standard language

  • Local businesses suffer losses

  • Foreign products are more favored and recognized

  • Constant rise in the prices of goods and services leading to poverty

Key Institutions Playing a Role in Globalization

What is an Institution?
An institution is an organized system of relationships formed to achieve a mission or goal.

Roles of Different Institutions in Globalization:

  • Pamahalaan
    The government protects the interests of the citizens and expands economic activities. It creates laws and agreements and focuses on sectors such as transportation, communication, and economy to support globalization.

  • Paaralan
    The school provides education, knowledge, and skills essential for globalization. It offers international education and serves as a filter for information.

  • Mass Media
    The media connects people and promotes shared opinions and connections. It spreads awareness of being part of an interconnected community.

  • Multinational na Korporasyon
    Multinational corporations have a significant impact on the economy, accelerating the flow of goods, services, technology, and capital worldwide, and promoting interconnected economies.

  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
    NGOs focus on human rights and addressing people's needs, often being non-profit. Their role in international decision-making and creating products for citizens is vital.

  • International Organizations
    International organizations partner with NGOs and play a significant role in globalization. Their decisions impact not just one country but all member nations and provide protection during times of crisis.

Mga Kailangan ng Isang Bansa para Makaagapay sa Globalisasyon:

  1. Malinaw at Matatag na Patakaran

    • Para sa lokal at dayuhang industriya at negosyo, mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng mga tamang regulasyon at patakaran.

  2. Matatag na Ekonomiya

    • Upang makaakit ng lokal at dayuhang mamumuhunan, isang matatag na ekonomiya ang kailangan ng isang bansa.

  3. Malayang Kalakalan

    • Ang mga lokal na produkto ay kailangan magkaroon ng pantay o mataas na prayoridad upang maging matatag sa kompetisyon sa ibang bansa.

  4. Maayos na Sistema ng Palitan ng Salapi

    • Dapat may matatag na sistema sa palitan ng salapi upang mapaayos ang kalakalan.

  5. Kasanayan ng Mamamayan

    • Dapat may sapat na kasanayan ang mamamayan upang magtaguyod ng mga industriyang makaaagapay sa kompetisyon ng mga produkto.

  6. Patakaran Ukol sa Relasyon sa Paggawa

    • Dapat matiyak ang pantay na pagtingin at pagtrato sa mga empleyado ng mga negosyo.

  7. Matatag na Patakaran sa Pag-aari ng Lupa

    • Mahalaga ang matatag na patakaran ukol sa pag-aari ng lupa, partikular sa pagtatayo ng mga industriya, upang maprotektahan ang mamamayan.

  8. Sapat na Imprastruktura at Kagamitan

    • Kailangan ng sapat na imprastruktura at kagamitan sa transportasyon at komunikasyon para mapabilis ang daloy ng mga produkto at serbisyo.

  9. Mataas na Kalidad ng mga Produkto at Serbisyo

    • Upang maging kompetitibo sa pandaigdigang pamilihan, ang mga produkto at serbisyo ay kailangan may mataas na kalidad.

How the Concept of Sustainable Development Began:

  1. Stockholm Meeting and UN Environmental Program (1972):

    • Discussed the possibility of the connection between nature and development.

    • The concept of sustainable development was formed to meet human needs without sacrificing the world's capacity to sustain life.

  2. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987):

    • Developed the concept of sustainable development through the Brundtland Report (Our Common Future).

    • Goal: To meet the needs of the present generation while ensuring future generations can meet their own needs.

  3. Earth Summit (Agenda 21, 1992):

    • Agenda for the 21st Century: Aimed to educate people about the environment and development, helping them make informed decisions on environmental and developmental issues.

    • Economic policies focused on environmental responsibility.

    • Goal: To create a fair, safe, and prosperous world for all of humanity.

  4. UN Conference for Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012):

    • Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

    • Goal: To promote a green economy and environmental protection while supporting the poor.

    • Focused on developing clean technologies and exchanging knowledge on innovative technologies.

  5. Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD, 1992):

    • Established by Executive Order No. 15 by former President Fidel V. Ramos on September 1, 1992.

    • Goal: To serve as a mechanism for implementing sustainable development principles in national policies, plans, and programs in the Philippines.Konsepto ng Likas-Kayang Kaunlaran

  • Brundtland Report (1987):

    • Pangunahing Layunin:

      1. Pangangailangan ng tao (lalo na ang mga mahihirap) ay dapat bigyan ng priyoridad.

      2. Kalagayan ng lipunan at kalikasan sa kasalukuyan at kung paano ito matutugunan ang mga pangangailangan ng tao sa kasalukuyan at hinaharap.

  • Tungkol sa Sustainable Development:

    • Pagtugon sa mga pangangailangan ng kasalukuyang henerasyon nang hindi sinasakripisyo ang kakayahan ng mga susunod na henerasyon na matugunan ang kanilang sariling pangangailangan.

Likas-Kayang Kaunlaran

Pang-ekonomiya:

  • A system of economy that can consistently produce and provide goods and services.

  • Proper management and a reasonable level of external debt.

  • No severe damage to agriculture and industry.

Pangkapaligiran:

  • Conservation of natural resources.

  • Avoidance of abuse of energy and natural resources.

  • Searching for and utilizing alternative energy sources.

  • Protection of biodiversity and ecosystems.

Panlipunan:

  • Addressing the needs of society, such as health and education.

  • Promoting gender equality.

  • Responsibility of government leaders and active citizen participation in governance.

Basic Principles of Sustainable Development (2002) by Jonathan Harris

  • Pagbabago sa Produksyon:

    • Kinakailangan ang malakihang pagbabago sa mga paraan ng produksyon sa mga sumusunod na larangan:

      • Agrikultura

      • Enerhiya

      • Industriya

      • Pinagkukunan ng Renewable Resources

17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  1. No Poverty

  2. Zero Hunger

  3. Good Health and Well-being

  4. Quality Education

  5. Gender Equality

  6. Clean Water and Sanitation

  7. Affordable and Clean Energy

  8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

  9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

  10. Reduced Inequality

  11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

  12. Responsible Consumption and Production

  13. Climate Action

  14. Life Below Water

  15. Life on Land

  16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

  17. Partnerships for the Goals

Kawalan ng Trabaho:

Unemployment is an economic condition where people are unable to find jobs that match their skills and the needs of businesses. It is a serious issue as it affects people's lives and the economic growth of a country.

Types of Unemployment (Kawalan ng Trabaho):

  1. Frictional Unemployment : Occurs when a person transitions from one job to another or is searching for a new job opportunity.

  2. Cyclical Unemployment : Happens during economic crises, such as recessions, leading to job losses in companies.

  3. Seasonal Unemployment : Occurs when jobs are unavailable or lost due to changes in seasons or events. For example, agricultural workers affected by climate.

  4. Structural Unemployment : Happens when industries or sectors close or shrink due to new technologies or changes in consumer preferences.

Mga Dahilan ng Kawalan ng Trabaho:

  1. Kakulangan ng Oportunidad: Limited availability of jobs that meet the current needs and skills of workers.

  2. Paglaki ng Populasyon: As the population rises, the number of job seekers also increases.

  3. Kawalan ng Tamang Plano ng Pamahalaan: Absence of concrete government strategies to create jobs.

  4. Hindi Tugma ang Pag-aaral sa Trabaho: Jobs do not align with people's qualifications and skills.

  5. Kakulangan sa Kasanayan: People lack the necessary skills for certain jobs.

  6. Katiwalian at Pamumulitika: Political issues may create barriers to job creation.

Effects of Unemployment (Mga Epekto ng Kawalan ng Trabaho):

  1. Tumitinding Kahirapan: Lack of employment leads to financial struggles and growing poverty.

  2. Pagka-abuso sa Kalusugan: Unemployment negatively impacts mental and physical health.

  3. Paglisan sa Bansa: Many workers seek job opportunities abroad.

  4. Pagbaba ng Ekonomiya: The economy weakens due to insufficient workforce contribution to growth.

  5. Pagbagal ng Pag-unlad: National growth is hindered by the lack of jobs.

Solutions to Prevent Unemployment (Mga Solusyon upang Maiwasan ang Kawalan ng Trabaho):

  1. Pagkakataon ng Trabaho sa Ibang Bansa: Expanding job opportunities for workers abroad.

  2. Programa ng Pamahalaan:

    • Address labor mismatch (skills gap) — Pag-aaddress sa Labor Mismatch.

    • Funding for worker training and skills improvement through TESDA.

    • Creating a global trade master plan to enhance international trade.

    • Focus on sectors with potential for job creation (e.g., key job generating areas).

    • Improve the business environment to increase national competitiveness.

    • Strengthen the financial sector for better access to funding.

Departments with Key Roles in Labor (Mga Kagawaran na may Pangunahing Gampanin sa Lakas-Paggawa):

  1. DTI (Department of Trade and Industry): Leads in improving industries and businesses in the country.

  2. DOLE (Department of Labor and Employment): Responsible for labor and employment policies.

  3. POEA (Philippine Overseas Employment Administration): Manages job opportunities for Filipinos abroad.

  4. TESDA (Technical Education and Skills Development Authority): Provides training and education to improve worker skills.

Wishing you the best of luck with your exam preparation. Keep working diligently and stay focused, your efforts are sure to pay off. I’m confident that you’ll excel. Keep up the great work, and all the best for your exam! Rooting for you from afar! — Clark😊