BioChemical Familes

Biochemical Families

  1. Carbohydrates

   

  1. General formula that ALL examples meet:  CH2O: ratio
  2. Amphipathic with lots of polar areas.
  3. Common name is sugar
  4. Primary function: Carbohydrates is to store energy for short periods of time.
  5. Short Term Energy storage carb for plants is called STARCH

       1. STARCH is stored in the roots of plants: root vegetables are HIGH in starch - potatoes, parsnips, turnips, sweet potatoes

  1. Short Term Energy storage carb in animals is called GLYCOGEN

       1. Stored in the liver & muscles of animals

  1. Secondary function: Create sugar-based structures for living organisms
  2. The STRUCTURAL carb for plants is called CELLULOSE

       1. Found in high concentrations in the stems of plants: celery & bok choy are vegetables & we eat the stem of these plants

  1. The STRUCTURAL carb for animals is called CHITIN

       1. Stored in the exoskeletons of insects & crustaceans & inside the cells of Fungi

  1. Lipids aka Fats

    1. Body will convert excess carbohydrates into lipids 2. Lipids are made of CHO 3. Lipids have a high # of Cs & Hs & low # of Os 4. Lips are hydrophobic aka Non-Polar 5. Primary function: long-term energy storage 6. Lipids have more bonds 7. Monomer - Fatty Acid 8. Secondary function:

        1. Shock absorber 2. Insulation 3. Waterproofing 4. Buoyancy 5. Creating of hormones 9. Animal Lipids - Blubber & Adipose tissue

  1. Animals & Plants use Waxes  to repel water & phospholipids to build their cell membranes
  2. Lipid hexagons & pentagons share sides there is no bond separating the shapes
    1. Proteins:

   

  1. Primary functions: create structural components

       1. Structural proteins: Muscles(myosin), Keratin 2. Collagen, Elastin, Melanin

  1. Second function: act as an organic catalyst

       1. Catalyst speed up chemical reactions w/out being chemically changed by the reaction 2. Reusable

  1. Tay Sachs disease- lack of an enzyme that breaks down waste in a brain
  2. Protein monomer is called an Amino Acid
  3. Protein dimers are called Dipeptides
  4. Protein polymers are called Polypeptides
  5. Pepto Bis
  • HONC
  • Have nitrogen in them
  • Organisms use proteins to build structure

Protein Diversity:

Structural

  • Hair, fingernails, feathers, cartilage, tendons

Protective

  • Help fight invading microorganisms, coagulate blood

Regulatory

  • Control cell activity, constitute some hormones & enzymes

Amino Acids: monomers that makeup protein polymers

Amino group is a nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms

The Side  group is used to distinguish the protein and its nonpolar and polar attributes

Secondary Structures: (held together by H bonds

  • Curls ore helix
  • Pleats or waves

Tertiary Structures:

  • Give a protein 3-dimensional shape
  • Include: 1+ 2 structures in one protein

Quaternary Structures:

  • Two or more 3o structures bonded together to form a super large protein the 3o structures bond because their side groups have a similar chemical nature

Hemoglobin in your red blood cells is (an O2- transport) Protein.

  1. Nucleic Acid

   

  1. Always have a pentose sugar, Phosphate group , Nitrogen based
  2. Stores the genetic information for the protein in the nitrogen based .
  3. Monomer: nucleotide
  4. Dimer: dinucleotide
  5. Polymer: polynucleotide