DEV PSY MBE NOTES
Genes \ A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for synthesizing proteins that play crucial roles in the structure, function and regulations of body cells. It provides the fundamental blueprint for an organism’s development. Biological basis that indicates genetic information inherited and pre-determined.
NATURE VS. NURTURE (a debate whether ano ba nakakaaffect)
Nature \ Genetic predispositions and biological factors that shape an individual (Genetics daw ang nag sshape sa development ng isang individual). Also, many aspects of development are attributed to this.
Nurture \ Encompasse the environmental influences and experience that can affect development (Sinasabe dito na environment at experience ang nag sshape sa dev ng isang tao)
CHROMOSOMES (states that chromosomes directly influence the development of an indv)
23 \ Normal human cells contain ___ pairs of chromosomes
46 \ In total normal human cells contain ___ chromosomes
Fertilization \ Sex of the child will reveal at this stage
Sperm \ It carries X and Y chromosomes
Egg \ While sperm carries X n Y, This only carries X chromosomes
XY \ The sex of a child is male if these 2 chromosomes combine
XX \ The sex of a child is female if these 2 chromosomes combine
TYPES OF DEATH (exactly nag sstop dev ng tau)
Death \ A type of death where it is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain life.
Chronologically Death \ A type of death where a point in time when an individual has died. Often marked by absence of vital signs. (Kaya pa ma-revive)
Biological death \ A type of death where it is an irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain life. This makes the revival impossible.
Social Death \ A type of death whereby individuals who are terminally ill or diagnosed with terminal illness experiences a withdrawal of social interactions and support from others. (Basically when a person is treated as if they are dead by society even though they’re physically)
TYPES OF ATTACHMENT (mga attachment can affect ung dev ng tau)
Avoidant attachment \ A type of attachment where an individual experiences discomfort with closeness and intimacy. They struggle to trust others and find it challenging to depend on others. In relationships they usually prioritize independence.
Secure attachment \ A type of attachment where an individual feels comfy with intimacy and trusts their partners easily. They can depend on others and let other people depend on them. They communicate openly, manage conflict well, and set healthy boundaries.
Anxious Attachment \ A type of attachment where they worry a lot about their relationship or abandonment. They are preoccupied with their partner’s availability and responsiveness. They tend to seek constant reassurance from others, clingy and become upset if there are signs of rejections or distance.
Disorganized attachment \ A type of attachment where it is a combination of anxious and avoidant attachment. They usually show a lack of clear attachment behavior and display confusion or fear in commitment. They desire closeness but also fear it, often stem from trauma or inconsistent caregiving experiences before.
DIVERSE DESIRES & BELIEFS CONDITION
DIVERSE DESIRES CONDITION \ A type of diverse condition where an individual has understanding that diff individuals can hae diff preferences, feelings, or desires about the same situation. It is the ability to recognize that what one person likes or feel may be the same for other.
DIVERSE BELIEFS CONDITION \ A type of diverse condition where an individual has understanding that diff people believe in different things.
BRAIN STUFF (Biological stuff na nakakaaffect sa dev ng tao)
Pierre Paul Broca \ a French physician, anatomist, and anthropologist who made a big mark in both medicine and early psychology by discovering a specific part of the left frontal lobe is responsible for speech production.
Broca’s Area \ It is located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex and is responsible for language production and essential for speech and articulation.
Carl Wernicke \ a German neurologist and psychiatrist best known for his discoveries about language and the brain, specifically on Wernicke's area.
Wernicke’s Area \ It is located in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe and is responsible for language comprehension.
Aphasia \ A disorder where a person has problems with language due to brain damage (often from stroke, head injury, or neurological illness).
Broca’s aphasia \ a type of aphasia where an individual cannot produce speech but can understand speech. Also called “expressive aphasia” since they are having a hard time expressing language.
Wernicke’s aphasia \ a type of aphasia where an individual cannot comprehend speech
Orbitofrontal cortex \ A part of a brain that plays a role in decision making and emotional regulation
Amygdala \ a part of a brain that is primarily associated with emotion and memory processing
Empty nest syndrome \ Emotional distress that parents, particularly mothers, experience when their children leave home for the first time.
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY (mga system daw na nakakaaffect sa dev ng tao)
Microsystem \ A type of ecological system where it suggest that the closest things or environment of a person can influence their development. (example is yung parents, yung school, friends, etc)
Mesosystem \ A type of ecological system where it is the interconnections between different microsystems. (a parent which i ur family microsystem talks to ur teacher which is ur school microsystem. They're talking to address ur behavior at school, this connection can influence ur development)
Exosystem \ a type of ecological system where it is about the larger social system that indirectly affects the person. (Example stress ang parent sa work, dahil stress ang parent sa work baka masungit siya sa house, therefore this kasungitan can affect ur development). Environments that don’t directly involve you, but still affect you.
Macrosystem \ a type of ecologcial system where it is about overarching cultural and social beliefs, values, and norms that influence an individual’s development (example the norm about being a panganay is dapat masipag since ikaw ang magiging bread winner therefore all throughout ur life nagging masipag ka)
Chronosystem \ A type of ecological system theory that encompass the dimension of time as it relates to a person’s environment. It is made up of the environmental events and transitions hat occurt throughout a child’s life. (mga bagay na we experience by “time”) (Sinasabe dito na mga bagay na naeexperience natin by time nakakainfluence ng development natin)
THEORIST (their theories sa mga nakakaaffect sa development ng tao)
Arnold gessell \ he is a prominent psychologist and pediatrician known for his work in child development. He coined the term maturation.
Maturation \ Gessel’s theory states that development follows a natural progression based on genetic factors, asserting that children will develop certain skills at specific age regardless of environmental influences
John Locke \ He is known for his “tubula rasa” theory, which suggests that the children are born in a blank state and they are shaped by their experience as they grow.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau \ He believes that children are inherently good ang that only the society corrupts them, emphasizing the importance of natural development but not specifically linked to genetic factors.
Sigmund freud \ He focused on psychosexual development and the influences of unconscious drives rather than maturation.
SIDS \ According to studies infants should not be sharing bed with their parents because of this
MIDLIFE TRANSITIONS
Perimenopause \ a type of midlife transition before menopause in women. Where the menstrual cycle becomes irregular.
Menopause \ a type of midlife transition where the fertility declines
Climacteric \ a type of midlife transition where both men and women’s fertility naturally declines
Andropause \ A type of midlife transition where it is the men’s decline of testosterone and fertility
TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE
Robert sternberg \ is a contemporary American psychologist well-known for his influential theories on love, intelligence, and creativity.
INTIMACY \ a type of triangular love theory By robert sternberg where it is about emotional closeness, connection and bonding between partners. It encompasses feelings of warmth, trust, ad understanding which are essential for a strong relationship.
Passion \ a type of triangular love theory By robert sternberg where it is about romantic attraction and physical desire which is more about the emotional and physical arousal.
Commitment \ A type of triangular love theory By robert sternberg where it is about decision to maintain the relationship overtime, focusing on long term plans rather than the emotional closeness found in friendship.
Liking \ a type of love By robert sternberg where Intimacy is only present
Infatuation \ a type of love By robert sternberg where passion is only present
Empty love \ a type of love By robert sternberg where commitment is only present
Romantic love \ a type of love By robert sternberg where Intimacy and passion is present
Compassionate love \ a type of love By robert sternberg where intimacy and commitment is only present. Often in solid friendships
Fatuous Love \ A type of love By robert sternberg where Passion and Commitment is only present. Often seen in Fubu RS.
Consummate love \ a type of love By robert sternberg where the three main factors are present
THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Lawrence Kohlberg \ an American psychologist best known for his Theory of Moral Development, which describes how moral reasoning progresses through three levels and six stages.
Theory of moral development \ a stage theory that explains how people develop moral reasoning through three levels
Level 1: Preconventional \ a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg that is characterized by focus on self interest and the consequences of actions. Decisions are based on potential punishment or reward
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience \ a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where it is bout obeying is right to avoid punishment. (Sumusunod ako kasi takot ako mapalo huhu)
Stage 2: Mutual benefit \ A stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that it is right when the both of you benefit. (Tama lang na iilibre nya ako kasi pinakopya ko naman sya kanina)
Level 2: Conventional Level \ a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg that is about individuals who make decisions based on societal norms and expectations of others.
Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations \ a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where individual believe that being hood is right and abiding by social expectations to gain approval of others (Tutulungan ko si nanay tumawid para makita ako ni crush as a good person)
Stage 4: Law and order \ a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that when you maintain and perform your duty as an individual of society, you will be seen as right or good person (Ndi ako tatawid jaan kc bawal jan tomawid majjay-walking aq)
Level 3: Post-conventional level \ a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where reasoning is based on abstract principles and personal values, where individuals consider ethical implications
Stage 5: Legal principles \ a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that when you promote values of fairness, justice, equality and democracy and protect basic human rights it is considered right or good (Laws are important, bawal tumawid talaga jan kasi jaywalk, pero kasi walang kasabay si nanay tumawid so sasabayan at tutulungan q nlang)
Stage 6: Universal moral principles \ a stage of Moral development by Lawrence kohlberg where it is about your self-chosen ethical principles that are connected with your respect for sanctity of human life. What you think right is right (I follow my conscience and universal justice, even against laws.)
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL (how thinking change as we age)
K. Warner Schaei \ an American psychologist best known for the Seattle Longitudinal Study on aging and intelligence, and for proposing the stages of adult cognitive development that explain how thinking changes from youth to old age.
Cognitive development model \ a modem by k. Warner schaei where it discuss how our thinking changes as we age.
Acquisitive stage \ a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of childhood-adolescence, where they learn and starts to collect knowledge. (Nagaaral)
Achieving stage \ a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaie where an individual is in the stage of young adulthood, where they start to use the knowledge they collect and use to to achieve personal goals (Finishing a degree, starting a career, making life decisions)
Responsible stage \ a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of middle adulthood, where an individual focuses on managing responsibilities related to family and work, rather than explicitly planning for a legacy. (Working to provide for family, raising children)
Executive stage \ a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is still in adulthood. This stage is usually optional for an individual. It involves using knowledge and skills in complex organizational settings but does not directly relate to personal legacy concerns. (Doing org stuff)
Reintegrative stage \ a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of late adulthood, where it involves selecting tasks that are meaningful and relevant to the individual’s current life situation but does not specifically emphasize leaving a legacy. (Doing hobbies, basically prioritizing what u want since tanda mo na eh ano pa iintindihin mo)
Legacy-creating stage \ a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of late adulthood where it is associated with individuals in late adulthood who focus on leaving a legacy for future generations. They usually consider their estate, values, and experiences they wish to pass on.
IDENTITY STATUS THEORY
James Marcia \ a Canadian psychologist best known for expanding Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. He created the Identity Status Theory
Identity statues theory \ a theory that explains how adolescents form their identity through exploration and commitment.
Identity diffusion \ a type of identity status theory by james marcia where it indicates lack of both exploration and commitment (Ndi ka nakapasa ng quali exam tapos di ka na nag explore ng ibang course n di na rin nag aral)
Identity foreclosure \ a type of identity status theory by james marcia where an individual makes a commitment to an identity without having explored other options. Often happens when choices are made based on external pressures or expectation rather than personal exploration (ndi ka pomasa quali exam tas nag shift ka nalang ng ibang course kasi sayang yung school year, pero ndi mo sha inexplore if gusto mo ba talaga yung course or what)
Identity Moratorium \ a type of identity status theory by james marcia where it is a state of active exploration without commitment yet, which does not alight with the feeling of being forced. (ndi ka pomasa QE, pero ket ganun tinake mo lang time mo para mag hanap ng course na interesado ka talaga syempre para mapasa mo na and ndi mo cinonsider yung school year)
Identity achievement \ a type of identity status theory by james marcia where an individual is exploring at the same committing or they explored first and then after exploring, they commit sum lyk dat.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Prenatal development \ this is the period from conception to birth
Germinal stage \ a stage of prenatal development where the fertilization usually begins. (egg + sperm = zygote) (0-2 weeks after mag colide ung sperm sa egg)
Embryonic stage \ a stage of prenatal development where the major organs and body system forms (nag transform na yung soon to be baby) Now it is called embryo (2-8 weeks after mag colide ung sperm sa egg) this is usually the critical period for teratogens.
Fetal stage \ a stage of prenatal development where it is called now fetus. Rapid growth and refinement of organ systems
Teratogens \ this is the harmful stuff that might affect ur prenatal development. Usually drugs, smoking, drinking
CHILDBIRTH (TYPES OF CONTRACTIONS)
Braxton-hicks contraction \ a type of contraction where it is referred as “false or practice labor” where the mother experience irregular contractions but not resulting in cervical dilation
True labor contractions \ a type of contraction where contractions lead to cervical dilation. They also become progressively closer together and last longer as labor progresses.
Active labor contractions \ a type of contraction where it is more intense and frequent than early labor contractions, typically occurring every 5 minutes or less and lasting about 60 secs or more when entering the active labor stage. 2-3 minutes lasting 60 secs when the mother is in the active labor contractions.
Cervical dilation \ an active phase of labor where it is the gradual opening of the cervix measured 5 to 6cm to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.
Transitional contractions \ a type of contraction where the cervix is nearly fully dilated (malapit na sya sa max na ieexpand nya, makakadaan na ang bb)
Water breaking \ it is the breaking of an amniotic sac which can occur at any stage of labor, but not a definite sign of entering into the active labor stage. It can happen before or during both early and active phases.
BREATHING TECHNIQUES
Manage pain and anxiety \ During the 1st stage of labor, focus on breathing techniques is usually advised. The primary focus of these techniques is ____
Breathing techniques \ these are designed to help women cope with discomfort associated with contractions. It can help reduce pain and can help the body to relax. It also provides a distraction from the pain and helps to calm the mind, allowing the woman to feel more centered and in control.
Oxygenation \ This is a proper breathing technique that can help both the mother and fetues to have enough oxygen
DIFFERENT STAGES OF LABOR
Active labor \ a stage of labor where it is characterized by cervical dilation from about 6-10cm and typically involves more intense and regular contractions
Transition phase \ a stage of labor where it is characterizes as the final part of active labor, where cervix dilates from 8 - 10cm
First stage of labor \ The longest stage of labor
Second stage of labor \ a stage of labor where the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm and continues until the baby is delivered. In this stage, mothers typically experience the strong urge to push the baby out which can feel as if need nila tumate. This stage is also often referred as the “pushing stage”
Active involvement \ a stage of labor where the mother is encouraged to push with her contractions which helps facilitate the descent and eventual birth of the baby
Epidurals \ an anesthesia or pain management technique which help the duration of the birthing process
Delivering the baby \ during the 2nd stage of labor this is the primary focus during this stage
FOCUS ON MOTOR SKILLS
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale \ after delivery nurse assess newborn using _____ to demonstrate coordinated movements, reflexes, and overall motor control, which are essential for healthy development
At 4 months \ at this age, a baby is expected to have the ability to grasp objects and shake it as their motor control improves significantly. Though it's important to note that the act of holding and shaking is not just abt control, it's also about cognitive engagement with the object since they learn the cause and effect through sound produced by shaking the object/rattle
DYNAMIC SYSTEM THEORY
Dynamic system theory \ This theory posits that motor development is not solely determined by genetic factors or a linear progression through stages. Instead, it emphasizes the cooperation of various subsystems, including neurological, biomechanical, psychological, and environmental factors. These components interact dynamically to produce motor behavior (dahil daw sa iba’t-bang system like neuro, bio, psycho and environment factors kaya nagkakaproduce ng motor behavior)
Non-linear development \ This theory suggests that development does not follow a straight, predictable path. Instead, progress happens in spurts, plateaus, or even temporary regressions, depending on multiple interacting factors. (poede ung baby mag speak ng 3 words mamaya, pero bukas ndi.) (poede minsan nag ccrawn ung baby tas minsan nag sscoot forward lang) (poede makalimutan ng baby ung skill bago nya ulit mamaster). This theory suggest that Development is non-linear and context dependent.
Self-organization \ This theory suggests that that behavior self-organizes from their interactions , rather than being pre-determined or strictly programmed. (ndi base on genes but on the baby’s interaction sa mismong ginagawa nya.) (hindi sya nakatayo agad kahit 1y/old kasi dahil sa genes, dahil sa posture and trial n error na ginagawa ng bb)
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
At birth \ In context of developmental milestones, in this age, a baby can only turn their heads slightly to the side while lying on their stomach, they cannot lift their heads in a significant way.
1 month \ In the context of developmental milestones, in this age some infants may begin to lift, show a slight head but it is usually minimal and inconsistent. At this age, their neck muscles are still developing, and they generally lack the strength to hold their heads up for any length of time.
2 Months \ In the context of developmental milestones, in this age infants can lift their heads to about a 45 degree angle for short periods.
3 months \ In the context of developmental milestones, in this age, babies can hold their heads up more steadily and may push up with their arms as well. This milestone indicates improved muscle strength in the neck and upper body
4 months \ In the context of developmental milestones, in this age, a baby can sit with support already by using their arms for balance while they are supported either by a caregiver or props like pillows.
6 months \ in the context of developmental milestones, at this age a baby can sit independently without support, marking a significant milestone in their motor development.
IMPORTANCE OF NEONATAL SCREENING
Phenylketonuria \ In the context of neonatal screening, it is one of the primary conditions screened for in newborns shortly after birth. It is a metabolic disorder where the body cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many protein-containing foods.
Down syndrome \ In the context of neonatal screening, it is typically diagnosed through genetic testing or screening during pregnancy rather than through newborn screening. While some states may conduct tests that can indicate a risk for Down syndrome, it is not part of the standard newborn screening panel
Autistic Spectrum disorder \ In the context of neonatal screening, it is typically diagnosed later in childhood, as it involves behavioral assessments and developmental milestones that are not observable immediately after birth.
Cerebral palsy \ In the context of neonatal screening, it is a neurological condition that usually becomes apparent as a child develops and exhibits motor skills. It is not detectable through newborn screening tests.
TYPES OF GRAPS
Palmar grasp \ a type of grasp where a baby has the ability to intentionally grasp an object with their palm and wrap fingers all around it. Typically occurs at 4 - 6m/o
Raking grasp \ a type of grasp where a baby has the ability to hila or pull with all of their fingers with the palm of their hand. Usually occurs at 6-7m/o
Inferior pincer grasp \ A type of grasp where a baby has the ability to pick up small objects between the pads of their thumb and hintuturo. Occurs at 10m/o
Superior pincer grasp \ a type of grasp where a baby can pick small objects with the top of their hintuturo and thumb.
Hand-Eye coordination \ refers more broadly to the ability to synchronize visual input with hand movements, which develops alongside fine motor skills but is not the main aspect of the pincer grasp.
Fine motor skills \ It demonstrates precise control over small muscles in the hands. This skill typically develops around 9 to 10 months and is essential for future tasks like self-feeding and writing, making it a key milestone in fine motor development.
Gross motor skills \ it involves larger movements that engage major muscle groups, such as crawling, walking, or sitting up. If fine motor skills is about control over small muscles, this is control over LARGE muscles.
REFLEXES
Grasping reflex \ a type of reflex where an infant hand is stroked causing the baby to close their fingers tightly around the object. Typically present at birth and lasts until about 5 to 6 months of age.
Rooting reflex \ a type of reflex where it is Triggered by stroking the corner of the baby’s mouth prompting them to turn their head and open their mouth in search of food.
Moro reflex \ a type of reflex where it is also known as “startle reflex” it occurs when a baby feels sensation of falling or hears a loud noise
Stepping reflex \ a type of reflex where a baby appears to take steps when held upright with their feet touching a solid surface.
Sucking reflex \ a type of reflex when a baby starts to suck the finger or nipple when placed on their mouths
Fencing reflex \ a type of reflex that when a baby’s head is turned left or right, their corresponding arm extends and the other arm bends. (head right, right hand extends, left hand bends)
BRAZELTON SCALE
Motor organization \ a type of brazelton scale that evaluates how well an infant can control their movements and motor responses.
Reflexes - a type of brazelton scale that assesses the automatic responses to stimuli, such as the grasp reflex or startle reflex.
Changes in state \ A type of brazelton scale that specifically assesses the infant's ability to transition between different states of consciousness, such as alertness, sleep, and crying. It evaluates how well the baby can regulate their state in response to internal and external stimuli, Infants who struggle with these transitions may exhibit increased irritability and difficulty soothing themselves.
Attention capacities \ A type of brazelton scale where it focuses on how well an infant can engage with their environment and maintain attention to stimuli.
ELECTRONIC FETAL MONITORING
Electronic fetal monitoring \ is a crucial tool used during labor to continuously assess a fetal heart rate and the mother's contractions, helping to ensure the safety and health of both mother and baby. Though studies have shown that continuous EFM may actually increase the rates of cesarean deliveries and instrumental births without necessarily improving outcomes for the baby
Cesarean \ is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. It is typically employed when vaginal delivery poses risks to the mother or baby. It carries risks such as excessive bleeding during and after surgery increased the likelihood of uterine rupture in some pregnancies.
Doula / a professional that provides physical and emotional maternal support. Research shows that with continued support from them, it can lead to fewer cesarean deliveries, shorten the labor duration and improve emotional well-being of the mother
Vernix caseosa \ a cheese-like texture that can be seen after the baby goes out the birth canal. It is often misunderstood as sperm because the couple did the deed while the mother is pregnant, but this is not the case. It develops about 19 weeks as a protective layer from exposure to the amniotic fluid. Protects from infection, acts as moisturizer and acts as a lube while passing through the birth canal.
Obesity, Age & babies size \ these are the stuff that a couple need to consider when considering to do a VBAC, vaginal birth after cesarean.
APGAR TEST
Apgar test \ is a quick assessment performed on newborns immediately after birth, evaluating five criteria: 1. Appearance 2.Pulse, 3. Grimace response 4.Activity and Respiration. Each criterion is scored from 0 to 2, with a maximum possible score of 10
A score of 7 \ a score or higher is considered reassuring and indicates that the baby is in good health.
A Score of 6 - 4\ these apgar scores suggest that baby needs some medical attention and are considered moderately abnormal
A Score of 3 - 0 \ these apgar scores are concerning and indicate a need for immediate medical intervention
WRINKLY APPEARANCE OF THE BABY
amniotic fluid \ Newborns often appear wrinkly due to the ______ fluid and the natural reduction in body weight that occurs shortly after birth.
Fontanels \ these are the soft spots on a baby's head where the skull bones have not yet fused. They allow flexibility of the skull during delivery and rapid brain growth
Lanugo \ It is fine hair that covers the body of some newborns, especially those born prematurely.
Pitocin \ is a synthetic form of oxytocin, a hormone that plays a crucial role in childbirth and lactation. It is primarily used in medical settings to induce or enhance labor contractions during childbirth. Though it can make the labor more intense and painful since it enhance the contractions.
Lamaze breathing techniques \ is a well-known method of natural childbirth that emphasizes controlled breathing techniques to help manage pain during labor. It focuses on rhythmic breathing patterns, relaxation, and visualization, which can reduce anxiety and enhance a woman's ability to cope with contractions.
Expulsion \ refers to the overall process of delivering the baby, which includes both crowning and pushing out the rest of the body.
Crowning \ It occurs during the second stage of labor when the baby's head becomes visible at the vaginal opening. This moment signifies that the baby is close to being born, often accompanied by intense sensations described as a "ring of fire" due to stretching of the vaginal tissues. It marks a critical point in the birthing process, indicating that the mother is nearing delivery
Swaddling \ It is when a baby is wrapped like a burrito. It helps them maintain body temperature and feel secure
Hypoxia \ insufficient oxygen supply to the baby during labor or delivery.
Neonatal jaundice \ yellowing of the skin and eyes in newborns because the baby’s liver is not mature enough to filter bilirubin
Shoulder dystocia \ when the baby’s anterior shoulder gets stuck behind the mother’s pubic bone during delivery.
Witch’s Milk \ It is a secretion from the baby’s swollen breasts due to maternal hormones