TURN OF THE CENTURY

Darwinism/Eugenics/Social Darwinism/Scientific racism

Theories:	Darwinism	Social Darwinism	Eugenics
Most important elements	-offspring of a given organism vary-natural selection favours the survival of the fittest- new species have arisen and may continue to arise by these processes	-Some people/nations are inherently better/smarter and this is reflected in their social/economical/political position	- improving qualities of human population- discouraging reproductions of people with genetic defects or inheritable undesirable traits - sterilisation/ negative eugenics- encouraging reproduction by people with inheritable desirable traits - selective breeding/ positive eugenics
Similarities	Literally nothing - this is science, the other stuff is bs👍	Takes after darwinism: survival of the fittestSimilar to eugenics in the inherent belief that there are those who are just “better”	Wants to manipulate and control the indea of social darwinism: if the fittest survive, then we should try and make only them survive and get rid of those who are not the “fittest”
Differences	science	Not real lol-also doesn’t talk about direct action but rather a theory on why it’s ok that minorities are discriminated against (woohoo)	An action, not a theory - very very harmful because it is giving people literal instructions instead of just a certain mindset
Consequences	Theory of evolutionMore science yay	-“Justification” of imperialism, racism, and inequality-“Justification” to change/influence others (entire nations)Fuel for nazi ideology
Dangers	None idk..? We find out we used to be related to other animals omg!	People believe it fr - science is ignored-Idea of polygenism seen as real science - the view that the human races are of different origins. This view is opposite to the idea of monogenism, which posits a single origin of humanity.	lead to a loss of genetic diversity. Further, a culturally-accepted "improvement" of the gene pool may result in extinction, due to increased vulnerability to disease, reduced ability to adapt to environmental change, and other factors that may not be anticipated in advance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQPrvPM38Ws

Women’s Rights

How did supporters and opponents argue for or against female suffrage?

Supporters	Opponents
Natural rights—those who are affected by laws should have a say in making them. No taxation without representation—women are wage workers and pay taxes.Legislation will be more moral, educational and humane—women will clean up politics and government.“Govt. rests upon force” - women are too weak - men aren't tested on their physical force in politics so this argument this - Pankhurst argues that it relies on the consent of the governedon the militant fight for suffrage- persuasion didn’t work, tried showing by doing work, “ if you really wanted it you’d fight for it”Harassing politicians, trying to enter the house of parliament - “not acting properly, you don't deserve it”Consent of the governed, not force - govt- loses power even if just the weakest women decided to not follow the law“People have said that women could never vote, never share in the government, because government rests upon force. We have that this is not true. Government rests not upon force; government rests upon the consent of the governed; and the weakest woman, the very poorest woman, if she withholds her consent cannot be governed…We ask you to show that although, perhaps, you may not mean to fight as we do, yet you understand the meaning of our fight; that you realise we are women fighting for a great idea; that we wish the betterment of the human race, and that we believe this betterment is coming through the emancipation and uplifting of women.”	Paul Möbius:According to paul, men are better than women.Women were infantilised, they were said to have smaller brains -> concluding that women’s mental state is somewhere between that of a man and a child. -> This gave men a scientific justification to control women.Women aren’t smart enough to realise they're in pain (like huhhh?), but men are smart enough to sense their pain - as in cryWomen are more instinct-driven while men are more rationalas soon as a man accepts a woman's work, as a tailor, weaver, cook, etc., he does a better job than the woman - proof that women aren't as strong or dexterous as men.“Govt. rests upon force”Women were made to look disgusting, undesirable and unclean. Women can't take care of children if they participate in politics and if children aren’t disciplined, they won't learn mannersWomen don't want to deal with the effort of politics.Army of clones- everyone will be the same if women vote tooEntire life is politicisedThe parties are touching the women, dark hands grabbing tender easily breakable women; Women’s fragile minds aren't made for politicsA burden for women, men care about women and don't want them to be burdened with votingWomen don't have enough political experience to give a good judgement of it - experience they would have only gotten if they had the right to do so - which they didn't

Supporters

Opponents

Natural rights—those who are affected by laws should have a say in making them. No taxation without representation—women are wage workers and pay taxes.Legislation will be more moral, educational and humane—women will clean up politics and government.“Govt. rests upon force” - women are too weak - men aren't tested on their physical force in politics so this argument this - Pankhurst argues that it relies on the consent of the governedon the militant fight for suffrage- persuasion didn’t work, tried showing by doing work, “ if you really wanted it you’d fight for it”Harassing politicians, trying to enter the house of parliament - “not acting properly, you don't deserve it”Consent of the governed, not force - govt- loses power even if just the weakest women decided to not follow the law**“People have said that women could never vote, never share in the government, because government rests upon force. We have that this is not true. Government rests not upon force; government rests upon the consent of the governed; and the weakest woman, the very poorest woman, if she withholds her consent cannot be governed…We ask you to show that although, perhaps, you may not mean to fight as we do, yet you understand the meaning of our fight; that you realise we are women fighting for a great idea; that we wish the betterment of the human race, and that we believe this betterment is coming through the emancipation and uplifting of women.”**

**Paul Möbius:**According to paul, men are better than women.Women were infantilised, they were said to have smaller brains -> concluding that women’s mental state is somewhere between that of a man and a child. -> This gave men a scientific justification to control women.Women aren’t smart enough to realise they're in pain (like huhhh?), but men are smart enough to sense their pain - as in cryWomen are more instinct-driven while men are more rationalas soon as a man accepts a woman's work, as a tailor, weaver, cook, etc., he does a better job than the woman - proof that women aren't as strong or dexterous as men.“Govt. rests upon force”Women were made to look disgusting, undesirable and unclean. Women can't take care of children if they participate in politics and if children aren’t disciplined, they won't learn mannersWomen don't want to deal with the effort of politics.Army of clones- everyone will be the same if women vote tooEntire life is politicisedThe parties are touching the women, dark hands grabbing tender easily breakable women; Women’s fragile minds aren't made for politicsA burden for women, men care about women and don't want them to be burdened with votingWomen don't have enough political experience to give a good judgement of it - experience they would have only gotten if they had the right to do so - which they didn't

How did suffrage supporters fight for their cause and how did the authorities react?

any suffragettes were sent to prison and went on hunger strike. The government reacted by force-feeding suffragettes. This caused public outrage, so in 1913 the government introduced the 'Cat and Mouse' Act. Women on hunger strike were released when they fell ill but rearrested once they recovered.

Lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practised civil disobedience. Used art, propaganda, debate, and vandalism.

Emmeline Pankhurst, her daughters, and a small group of women ‘started’ the cause. The government sentenced many of the suffragettes to prison, suffragists went on hunger strikes, and a policy of force-feeding was introduced as an answer.

The group targeted any political party that did not work towards votes for women. The Women’s Social and Political Union's motto was “deeds, not words.”, as Pankhurst and her supporters attracted attention through their confrontational actions - including arson.

She believed winning the right to vote would never be achieved by constitutional means. She went on hunger strikes as a non-violent act of political protest, Other than that she and the WSPU would target infrastructure, government, churches and the general public, and saw the use of improvised explosive devices, arson, letter bombs, assassination attempts and other forms of direct action and violence.- the wspu’s campaign of destruction caused between £1 billion and £2 billion worth of damage to property from 1913-1914.

Women got partial voting rights in Britain in 1918 and full voting rights 1928

Freud’s Analysis

How did Freud analyse dreams, what was new about this and what are dreams according to him?

He calls the two popular methods non-scientific and undermines them, whilst still admitting that dreams do have meaning.

Freud believed that every dream was scientifically relevant and have meaning, but that they are private so they can only be discovered through knowing what the dreamer associated with.

A dream is a psychic phenomenon which should provide wish fulfilment. It can either be undisguised, e.g. the dream shows the dreamer drinking water when he is thirsty or it is disguised, which can be done by distinguishing the manifest dream content from latent dream content. Manifest dream content involves the actual story and events that occur during a dream and latent dream content contains the actual hidden psychological meaning behind the dream.

In how far are dreams important according to Freud?

In terms of Freud's arguments, dreams can reveal a lot about a person and they are important because of what it is they reveal. the unconscious expresses itself in dreams as a way of resolving repressed or unwanted emotions, experiences, and aggressive impulses.Dreams give us an insight into the inner workings of our minds. They show us what our brain thinks unconsciously.

What are some of the other new concepts he came up with?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is when we focus on what the mind is going through unconsciously and focus on what that could mean. These unconscious thoughts are affected by situations and experiences from the past. These analyses would then help determine what contributed to the person’s feelings, behaviours or dreams.

psychoanalysis is a system of psychological therapy and theory which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of unconscious and conscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed conflicts and fears into the conscious mind by techniques such as free association and dream interpretation.

Oedipus Complex

The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic theory which says that young children aged from about 3-6 want to be sexually involved with their parent of the opposite sex and see the parent of the same sex as their rival. Freud said that this went away when the children would grow up and repressed these sexual desires. He does say however that if that child had a traumatic life, they would grow up to still have this same feeling.

Futurism

What is Futurism, what does it want to achieve, what does it idolize and what/who is/are the enemies of Futurists?

What did they think about history and why?

How did Marinetti feel about war and politics and why did he do so?

Futurists thought the world was boring old fashioned, wanted to celebrate innovation, modernity and speed, good bye tradition hello technology

Italian poet early 20th century - marinetti - founded futurism

Factories, urban landscapes, trains, planes and automobiles

Made Manifesto for futurism in french newspaper - passion, aggressive, intentionally controversial - wanted to rewrite culture - get rid fo everything old and start anew - inspired italian artists to write manifesto for futurist painters - denouncing classic art

Glorified industries, workers and war - grew worldwide - before ww1 - marinetti considered war and violence necessary step towarsds making a new italy, supporting artists were encouraged to join the war and put their effort - until famous futurist artist bocconi died-

After war- second futurism

Marinetti soon to play role in mussolini’s fascist regime - had his own futurist political party whcih merged with mussolini’s and wrote another manifestos - both fascism and futurism were patriotic, supported disruption, glorified workers and opposed parliamentary democracy

After marinetti futurism died cuz after ww2 people wanted too go back to old traditional art styles

Futurism still influences art

Who are the enemies of futurists - traditionalists- impressionists etc