Ch. 5 Narcissism and the Limits of Self-Esteem
Low versus High Self-Esteem
Characteristics of People with Low Self-Esteem
Vulnerable to anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders. Experience more problems in life (make less money, abuse drugs, and are more likely to be depressed and engage in acts of self-harm).
Tend to take a negative view of everything. They notice and remember others’ worst behaviors and think their partners don’t love them
Prefer responses that provide understanding, even if the responses are negative (Ex: That really sucks). Don’t want to hear positive things about negative experiences (Ex: At least you learned something).
Seemingly always a symptom of an underlying disease, belief, or memory
Characteristics of People with High Self-Esteem
Motivated to achieve their goals.
Able to sustain hope during difficult times.
Display initiative, resilience, and experience pleasant feelings.
Understanding Self-Esteem
Key Points about Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is not the key to success.
Pursuing self-esteem can backfire.
Individuals focusing on boosting self-esteem may:
Become less open to criticism.
Be less likely to empathize with others.
Experience pressure to succeed in activities rather than enjoy them.
Importance of Self-Compassion
Self-compassion involves:
Moving away from comparisons with others.
Treating oneself with kindness and understanding.
Narcissism and Narcissists
Definition of Narcissism
Defined as an inflated sense of self, often characterized by overconfidence.
Not a reliable formula for success.
Characteristics of Narcissists
Often outgoing and charming at the beginning of relationships but become problematic due to their self-centeredness over time.
Tend to score high on measures of both narcissistic personality traits and self-esteem.
Initially perceived as popular but are often disliked in the long run.
Have a self-perception that is more favorable than how others perceive them.
Acknowledge their own arrogance and tendency to exaggerate their abilities.
Self-Efficacy
Understanding Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy refers to the belief that one is competent and effective, which is distinct from self-esteem (one's sense of self-worth).
Example: A sharpshooter in the military may exhibit high self-efficacy while possessing low self-esteem.
Strong self-efficacy leads individuals to:
Set challenging goals.
Persist in pursuit of those goals.
Remain calm and seek solutions instead of ruminating on inadequacy.
Experience growth through hard-won achievements.
Effects of High Self-Efficacy
Both children and adults with strong feelings of self-efficacy typically show:
Higher persistence in tasks.
Reduced levels of anxiety.
Lower instances of depression.
Overall healthier lifestyles.
Increased academic success.