bio2311_lab_study_guide_v2

I. CELL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

• Passive Transport: No energy required

  • Types: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

• Active Transport: Requires energy

  • Types: Active Transport, Vesicular Transport

• Diffusion

  • Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

  • Factors Affecting Diffusion:

    • Temperature

    • Concentration Gradient

    • Molecular Weight

  • Experiment:

    • Permanganate (158 MW) vs. Methylene Blue (320 MW) diffusion in agar.

• Dialysis Experiment:

  • Dialysis bag mimics plasma membrane, selective by pore size

  • Water moved into glucose and NaCl sacs; molecules moved out if small enough

• Osmosis:

  • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

  • Solutions:

    • Hypertonic: Cell loses water (crenation in RBCs)

    • Hypotonic: Cell swells; may lyse in animal cells

    • Isotonic: No net movement of water

II. BASIC TISSUES

• Four Basic Tissue Types:

  1. Epithelial: Covers surfaces

     • Types: Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified; Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

  2. Connective: Support & structure

     • Types: Dense regular/irregular, Blood, Cartilage, Bone

  3. Muscle: Movement

     • Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

  4. Nervous: Communication

     • Types: Neurons, Neuroglia

• Tissue Identification:

  • Transitional Epithelium (Bladder)

  • Pseudostratified Columnar (Trachea)

  • Simple Squamous (Capillaries)

  • Simple Cuboidal (Kidney Tubules)

• Connective Tissue:

  • Dense Regular: Tendons & Ligaments

  • Dense Irregular: Dermis

III. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Components:

  1. Cutaneous Membrane (Skin):

     • Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

     • Layers (Thin):

       • Stratum Corneum > Granulosum > Spinosum > Basale

     • Layers (Thick): Includes Stratum Lucidum (between Corneum & Granulosum)

     • Dermis: Connective tissue

       • Papillary Layer: Areolar CT

       • Reticular Layer: Dense Irregular CT

  2. Accessory Structures: Hair, Nails, Exocrine Glands

IV. SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Functions: Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood Cell Production

• Bone Classification:

  • By Shape: Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid

  • By Structure: Compact (Osteons), Spongy (Trabeculae)

• Chemical Composition:

  • 2/3 Calcium Hydroxyapatite (Hardness), 1/3 Collagen (Flexibility)

• Skeletal Divisions:

  • Axial: Skull, Thoracic Cage, Vertebral Column

  • Appendicular: Limbs, Pectoral & Pelvic Girdles