AP U.S. History Unit 4 Flashcards

Foreign Policy

  • Barbary Pirates
    • Jefferson initially ceased tribute payments, leading to attacks on U.S. ships.
    • Jefferson retaliated with the U.S. Navy but eventually negotiated reduced payments.

Debates on Federal Power

  • Democratic-Republicans
    • Favored strict constructionism.
  • Federalists
    • Favored loose constructionism.
  • Louisiana Purchase
    • Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon for 15 million
    • Motivated by gaining navigation rights on the Mississippi, removing Indians westward, and cutting off European influence and opening up trade.
    • Lewis and Clark explored the territory beginning in 1804, and Zebulon Pike followed in 1806 which led to better maps and diplomatic relations.

Supreme Court and Federal Power

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803)
    • Established judicial review, increasing the Supreme Court's power.
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
    • Affirmed that federal law trumps state law.

War of 1812

  • Causes
    • British and French seizure of American merchant ships.
    • British impressment of American sailors.
    • American belief that the British were stirring up Indian resistance in the west
  • Federalists opposed the war, leading to the Hartford Convention where secession was discussed.
    • The war created American nationalism and ended the Federalist Party.

Henry Clay's American System

  • Components:
    • Federally funded internal improvements.
    • Protective tariffs.
    • Second Bank of the United States.
  • Madison vetoed internal improvements.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

  • Missouri was admitted as a slave state, and Maine as a free state.
  • The 36-30 line was established, which separated slave territory from free territory.

Treaties and Territorial Expansion

  • U.S.-Canadian border set at the 49th parallel.
  • The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) acquired Florida and set the southern border.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  • Declared the Western Hemisphere a U.S. sphere of influence, free from European interference.

Market Revolution

  • Definition: The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.
  • New technology (e.g. cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts) propelled industrial growth.
  • Steamboats and canals (e.g. Erie Canal) improved trade and transportation.
  • Railroads began replacing canals.

Social Changes

  • Immigration
    • From 1820 to 1840, 2 million immigrants arrived
    • Led to cheap labor and transformed the Urban Landscape
  • A growing middle class emerged in the North.
  • Cult of Domesticity:
    • Separate social norms were expected of men and women.

Expansion of Democracy

  • Property qualifications for voting were lowered or eliminated.
  • Election of 1824
    • A split happened in the Democratic-Republican Party
    • Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lost the election to John Quincy Adams, leading to the “corrupt bargain” accusation.
  • Election of 1828: Jackson won, solidifying the shift in political power

Jackson's Use of Federal Power

  • Tariff of 1828 and Nullification Crisis
    • The tariff raised import duties, leading to Southern opposition.
    • South Carolina nullified the tariff, but Jackson enforced it with the Force Bill.
  • Veto of the Second Bank of the United States
    • Jackson vetoed the Bank's recharter.
  • Indian Removal Act of 1830
    • The Cherokee Nation were forced to relocate westward, resulting in the Trail of Tears.

Distinct American Culture

  • Noah Webster's dictionary standardized American English.
  • Transcendentalism
    • Emphasized nature and human passion
    • Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were key figures.
  • Hudson River School of artists romanticized American landscapes.
  • Utopian Communities
    • Oneida Community
      • They become convinced the second coming of Christ already occurred, and therefore they must shake off the restraints of the kingdom of this world and live communally in imperfect equality.

Second Great Awakening

  • Camp meetings and evangelical preachers spread religious fervor.
  • Charles Finney emphasized societal moral reformation.
  • Led to the Temperance movement.
  • Rise of Mormonism under Joseph Smith.

Abolitionism and Women's Rights

  • William Lloyd Garrison published The Liberator and argued against slavery.
  • The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded.
  • The women's rights movement grew alongside abolitionism, leading to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Southern Society

  • Plantations expanded, creating a wealthy aristocracy.
  • Enslaved laborers maintained community through cultural aspects.
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion increased fear and restrictions on slaves.
  • Most white southerners were yeoman farmers who still supported slavery.