Exam Preparation Notes

Page 1

Page 3

Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm

• Process: Conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm

• Stages:

  • Energy Investment Stage:

  • Glucose $C<em>6$ → Glucose-6-phosphate $C</em>6-P$

  • Fructose-6-phosphate $C<em>6-P$ → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate $P-C</em>3$

  • Formula: -2 ATP

  • Harvesting Stage:

  • $2 imes 1,3-biphosphoglycerate ext{ } P-<mark data-color="purple">C_3</mark>-P <br>ightarrow +4 ext{ ATP}$

  • Net Gain: 2 ATP

• Diabetes Connection:

  • Followed by the Citric Acid Cycle in mitochondria ‘

Electron Transport Chain

• Components:

  • NADH, FADH2 contributing to the proton gradient and ATP synthesis

Page 4

Discussing Metabolism

• Task: Explain how food (like a PB&J) becomes glucose in muscle cells.

• Include:

  • Digestion, transport, endocrine response to blood glucose, transduction, and glucose entry into cells

Page 6

Insulin Action Process

• Insulin Binding: Changes receptor shape

• Phosphorylation: Activates intracellular messenger cascades

• GLUT-4 Transporter: Transported to the plasma membrane opens channels for glucose entry.

• After Action: Insulin breaks down; GLUT4 returns to the vesicle.

Page 7

Insulin and Glucose Dynamics in Different Cells

• Effect: Insulin promotes glucose entry into cells via GLUT4 channels.

• Liver Cells: Convert glucose to glycogen.

• Other Cells: Use glucose directly for cellular respiration.

• Purpose: Lowers blood glucose levels.

Page 8

Utilizing Glucose Within Cells

• Chemical Equation:

  • $ext{Glucose (C}<em>6 ext{H}</em>{12} ext{O}<em>6 ext{) + 6 O}</em>2 <br>ightarrow 6 ext{ CO}<em>2 + 6 ext{ H}</em>2 ext{O + energy}$

• Process: Occurs during cellular respiration.

Page 9

Cellular Respiration Overview

• Stages of respiration occur in different parts of the cell:

  • Glycolysis: Cytosol

  • Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrion

  • Electron Transport Chain: Mitochondrial cristae

  • ATP Production: Via substrate-level phosphorylation & oxidative phosphorylation.

Page 10

Mitochondrial Structure

• Parts:

  • Outer membrane, inner membrane, matrix

• Question: Which organisms have mitochondria?

Page 11

Mitochondrion Components

• Matrix: Closed structure, vital for respiration.

• Comparison: Similar to chloroplast structures, like lumen.

Page 13

Review of Cellular Membrane Diffusion

• Key Points:

  • What cannot diffuse through membranes?

  • Can water diffuse?

  • Methods for substances crossing membranes (active vs. passive transport).

Page 18

Metabolism Goals

• Definition: Breakdown of complex molecules to create energy (ATP).

• Common Pathways: Glucose metabolism via cellular respiration, protein, and fatty acid metabolism.

Page 20

Photosynthesis vs Respiration

• Photosynthesis: Converts CO2 and solar energy into glucose.

• Respiration: Converts glucose to ATP, releasing CO2.

Page 24

Stages of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate Processing

3. Citric Acid Cycle

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Overall Reaction:

  • $C<em>6H</em>{12}O<em>6 + 6 O</em>2 <br>ightarrow 6 CO<em>2 + 6 H</em>2O + ext{energy}$

Page 31

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration:

  • Occurs in mitochondrion; produces more ATP.

• Anaerobic Respiration:

  • Occurs in cytoplasm; provides less energy.

Page 33

Steps in TCA Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

• Main points include location (mitochondrial matrix) and key products (NADH, ATP).

Page 35

Summary Points for Learning Outcomes

• Predict movement of molecules across membranes.

• Compare polar and non-polar molecule movements.

• Identify parts of mitochondrion.

• Understand respiration's oxidative nature concerning glucose.

• Know the four parts of respiration and their cellular locations.