Pediatric Nursing
Q: What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)? A: 5-15 mmHg. ICP >15 mmHg is fatal and irreversible.
Q: What are the components of Cushing’s Triad? A: Hypertension, Bradycardia, Bradypnea, and Widened pulse pressure (Normal: 30-40 mmHg).
Q: What are early signs of increased intracranial pressure in pediatric patients? A: High-pitched cry and bulging fontanels, particularly when aggravated by crying.
Q: How do you measure increased head circumference in pediatric patients? A: Use a tape measure at the bedside every shift/q8 to monitor for increases.
Q: Why should coughing and sneezing be avoided in patients with increased ICP? A: Coughing and sneezing can increase ICP.
Q: What are the two phases of a Grand mal (Generalized) seizure? A: Tonic phase (mild) and Clonic phase (severe).
Q: What is a common seizure type in pediatric patients associated with high fever? A: Febrile Seizure, also known as "under five" seizure.
Q: What is the most dangerous type of seizure and why? A: Status Epilepticus; it can last 30 minutes or longer, leading to potential brain damage.
Q: What is a significant side effect of the anticonvulsant Phenytoin? A: Gingival hyperplasia (enlargement of gums).
Q: Which anticonvulsant is used as a last resort due to its risk of hepatotoxicity in pediatric patients? A: Valproates/Valproic Acid.
Q: What type of cardiovascular condition is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)? A: Acyanotic type.
Q: What is the pathognomonic sign of PDA? A: Machinery-like murmur.
Q: What is the drug of choice (DOC) for facilitating the closure of PDA? A: Indomethacin (Prostaglandin Inhibitor).
Q: What secondary drug can be used if Indomethacin is not effective? A: Ibuprofen.
Q: What are the four defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot? A: Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding of aorta, and Ventricular septal defect.
Q: What is the purpose of allowing a child with Tetralogy of Fallot to squat? A: To decrease venous return and cardiac workload, promoting cardiac rest.
Q: What is a pathognomonic sign of Tetralogy of Fallot? A: Tet spells, which include irritability, blackouts, convulsions, pallor, and hypoxemia.
Q: What is the surgical palliative management for Tetralogy of Fallot? A: Blalock Taussig Shunt, an anastomosis of the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Q: What definitive surgery is performed for Tetralogy of Fallot? A: Brocks Procedure/Intracardiac Surgery with Balloon angioplasty and Dacron patch.
Q: What are the key signs and symptoms of Kawasaki Disease? A: High spiking fever, Strawberry red tongue, Photophobia, Polymorphous rash, Palmar desquamation.
Q: What is the pathognomonic sign of Kawasaki Disease? A: Strawberry red tongue.
Q: What is the primary treatment for Kawasaki Disease? A: Immunoglobulins and Aspirin to manage inflammation and prevent complications.
Q: Which gender is more commonly affected by Cleft Lip? A: Males.
Q: What is the surgical procedure to repair a cleft lip? A: Cheiloplasty.
Q: What is the "Rule of 10s" in Cleft Lip surgery? A: The patient must be 10 weeks old, weigh 10 lbs, have WBC <10,000, and Hgb >10 g/dl.
Q: What is the recommended post-operative position after Cleft Palate surgery? A: Prone position to prevent aspiration.
Q: What is the Erikson stage for infants (0-1 y/o)? A: Trust vs. Mistrust—Developing trust through consistent care and feeding.
Q: What is the Freud stage for infants? A: Oral stage—Focus on the mouth, with a high risk of aspiration. Oral needs are satisfied through feeding, pacifiers, and teethers.
Q: What is the Piaget stage for infants? A: Sensorimotor—Learning through senses, using rattles and mobiles.
Q: What type of play is typical for infants? A: Solitary play—Playing alone.
Q: What is a common fear in infants? A: Stranger anxiety—Fear of unfamiliar people, managed through gradual exposure.
Q: What is the Erikson stage for toddlers (1-3 y/o)? A: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt—Encouraging independence by offering choices.
Q: What is the Freud stage for toddlers? A: Anal stage—Focus on toilet training, with readiness indicated by staying dry for 2 hours, verbalizing needs, and showing willingness to please parents.
Q: What is the Piaget stage for toddlers? A: Pre-operational—Egocentric thinking, where they cannot see others' perspectives.
Q: What is the Kohlberg stage for toddlers? A: Preconventional—Understanding of punishment and obedience. "Time-out" is effective as discipline.
Q: What type of play is typical for toddlers? A: Parallel play—Playing side-by-side without interaction.
Q: What is a common fear in toddlers? A: Separation anxiety—Fear of being away from parents.
Q: What is the Erikson stage for preschoolers (3-6 y/o)? A: Initiative vs. Guilt—Encouraging participation and play therapy during procedures.
Q: What is the Freud stage for preschoolers? A: Phallic stage—Complexes such as Oedipal (boys towards mothers) and Elektra (girls towards fathers).
Q: What is the Piaget stage for preschoolers? A: Pre-operational—Egocentric thinking with an ability to recognize symbols.
Q: What is the Kohlberg stage for preschoolers? A: Preconventional—Focused on themselves, without understanding others' perspectives.
Q: What type of play is typical for preschoolers? A: Associative/Cooperative play—Playing together with shared activities.
Q: What is a common fear in preschoolers? A: Fear of body mutilation or castration.
Q: What is the Erikson stage for school-aged children (6-12 y/o)? A: Industry vs. Inferiority—Encouraging participation in activities to develop a sense of competence.
Q: What is the Freud stage for school-aged children? A: Latent stage—Same-sex orientation and focus on social relationships.
Q: What is the Piaget stage for school-aged children? A: Concrete-operational—Logical thinking, understanding right from wrong but unable to explain in detail.
Q: What is the Kohlberg stage for school-aged children? A: Conventional—Desire to be seen as "good" in the eyes of others.
Q: What type of play is typical for school-aged children? A: Competitive play—Indoor activities like quizzes, board games, with common school-related injuries.
Q: What is a common fear in school-aged children? A: Fear of death, as they see it as final.
Q: What is the Erikson stage for adolescents (12-19 y/o)? A: Identity vs. Role Confusion—Focus on body image and self-identity.
Q: What is the Freud stage for adolescents? A: Genital stage—Exploration of sensual curiosity, questions, and experimentation.
Q: What is the Piaget stage for adolescents? A: Formal operational—Ability to think hypothetically and abstractly, understanding and explaining moral concepts.
Q: What is the Kohlberg stage for adolescents? A: Post-conventional—Understanding morals, laws, and taking responsibility.
Q: What type of play is typical for adolescents? A: Competitive outdoor play—Sports like basketball and volleyball.
Q: What is a common fear in adolescents? A: Fear of peer rejection.