Floral Exam 2

Ch. 4: see pp. 68-84: Ch. 4: see pp. 68-84: 

• What is a petal? 

  • Conspicuously colored showpiece of the flower

• What is a corolla? 

  • Collection of petals 

• What is a sepal?

  • Encloses the other flower parts while in the bud

• Recognize the different inflorescence patterns. 

• What is scapose? 

  • No leaves on the stalk/stem

• What is the edge of a leaf called?

  • Margin

Anatomy of a flower:

Ch. 8: See pp. 134-151: 

• Color is a property of what? 

  • Light

• How can colors change? 

  • By changing light (such as artificial or natural light)

• What are the properties of color? 

  • Hue, value, and intensity

• Be familiar with the basic color wheel. 

• What are the foundation colors?

  • The primary colors, red, yellow, and blue. 

• Name the primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. 

  • Primary: Red, Yellow, Blue

  • Secondary: Orange, Green, Purple

  • Tertiary: Blue-green, blue-purple, red-purple, red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green

• What is the difference between shade and tint? 

  • Shade: Add black to a color

  • Tint: Add white to a color

• What are the characteristics of cool and warm colors? 

  • Cool: because of their association with cool things like grass, water, and ice. These colors are generally restful, peaceful, and soothing. They are associated with quiet and melancholy feelings and are, therefore, considered “less friendly.” (Since they fade into the background, cool colors often cannot be seen from a distance. These colors may appear formal and often display a lack of unity.)

  • Warm:  because of their association with warm and hot things like the sun, heat, and fire. These colors are active and cheery, generally evoking warm and happy feelings. (Warm colors are generally informal and blend easily with one another. However, large amounts of warm colors can be psychologically irritat-ing to some viewers.)

• Know about individual colors in floral design and the pros & cons to each color in floral arrangements. 

  • White: 

    • Pros: blends easily with other colors and make adjacent colors look cleaner and livelier, useful neutral, adds brightness and contrast, and portrays elegance and sophistication.

    • Cons: (None)

  • Red: 

    • Pros: A lively, stimulating color that embodies strength and dominance

    • Cons: Can become overcrowded,

  • Pink: 

    • Pros: successfully combines with many colors and is often en-hanced by the use of stronger contrasting colors. Can clearly portrays romance and femininity

    • Cons: (None)

  • Orange: 

    • Pros: A stimulating color. Not as visually demanding as red. Compels attention and adds brightness.

    • Cons: (Usually only used around autumn)

  • Yellow: 

    • Pros: Vibrant and highly visible. suggests  cheerfulness  and sunshine,  and  is viewed  as  a  “friendly”  color. Adds spirit and spark to a design. Bends well with many other colors and schemes

    • Cons: some view-ers may find yellow arrangements monotonous and even annoying.

  • Green: 

    • Pros: Is generally soothing and restful. More usable than any other color.

    • Cons: (Not as abundant as other colors)

  • Blue: 

    • Pros:  Is generally peaceful, quiet, and cool

    • Cons: Varies greatly under different lighting. They sometimes can have a depressing psychological effect.

  • Purple: 

    • Pros: a rich and dramatic hue.  It can be cool or warm. 

    • Cons: (It changes depending on the lighting)

  • Black: 

    • Pros: Adds depth, is a versatile neutral, and increases color value, making other colors look darker and richer.

    • Cons: (Rarity)

• How does color help achieve balance, depth, focal point, rhythm, harmony, and unity?

  • Balance: Using colors with bright intensity or dark value levels near the rim of the container at the base of the arrangement, contrasted with larger areas of lighter, subdued colors, will provide not  only  visual  balance,  but  lend  a  sense  of physical balance as well

  • Depth: The visual advancing and receding of various warm and cool colors within an arrangement adds visual excitement and strengthens the awareness of visual depth

  • Focal Point:  you can create a focal point simply by using a contrast in color

  • Rhythm: The use of similar colors throughout a bouquet is a sim-ple way of attaining visual movement or rhythm. (Also transition; flower colors are arranged in a pattern of gradual change from  one  color  to  another,  creating  continuous  eye movement.)

  • Harmony & Unity: Both achieved more readily by the repetition of color throughout a design

•  What are related and contrasting color schemes? 

  • Related: are based on a common hue that acts as a unifying element. (may be variations of only one hue, or may be variations of several adjacent hues)

    • achromatic, monochromatic, and analogous

  • Contrasting:  the colors used to form these schemes are from distant parts of the color wheel

    • complementary, split-complementary, and triadic

  • Discordant: Four or more different unrelated colors

    • Double-complement, alternate-complement, and tetrad

• Know the various color schemes by definition and the pros & cons to each in floral design. 

  • Achromatic: All-white 

    • Pros: show off slight variations in the white flowers that otherwise would not be noticed

    • Cons: (Every detail matters)

  • Monochromatic: The use of a single hue of color

    • Pros: (Harmonious with lots of unity at best)

    • Cons: Monotonous design

  • Analogous: Adjacent or neighboring hues

    • Pros: Harmony is easily maintained.

    • Cons: (may need to  be modified to include tints, tones, and shades of adjacent hues)

  • Complementary: Two hues opposite on the color wheel

    • Pros: Hues intensify and complement each other. Can be used to provide further interest. Lively designs. causes emotional excitement and enhances visual depth. 

    • Cons: (None)

  • Split-complementary:  the colors on either side of the complementary color are used

    • Pros: Visually exciting

    • Cons: Less contrast than complementary

  • Triadic: Three colors equidistant on the color wheel

    • Pros: (None)

    • Cons: Difficult to work with. . Great care is needed in choosing flowers and accessories to make these designs palatable

  • Double-complement: Any two pairs of complements

    • Pros: Doubles the possible combination of colors. Tremendous diversity in visual effects. 

    • Cons: (Careful choosing of complements needed)

  • Alternate-complement: A triad with one direct complement 

    • Pros: (None)

    • Cons: Color proportions and values need to be varied

  • Tetrad: Four hues equidistant

    • Pros: Eye-catching and contemporary

    • Cons: Difficult and unrelated colors.

  • Polychromatic: Use of many varied hues

    • Pros: Highly dynamic

    • Cons: Can appear disjointed and unorganized

• When determining color schemes with fresh flowers, what color portions of the plant materials are considered neutral? 

  • Green portions already present

• Which “colors” are considered neutral, and can be added to floral arrangements or color schemes without changing the name of the scheme?

  • White, black, and gray

Ch. 9: See pp. 152-160: 

• What is physical or mechanical balance? 

  • Can independently stand on its own to be stable and self-supporting. 

• What are the types of visual balance?

  • Symmetrical (formal): when identical flowers and foliage are arranged and repeated in the same position (one side mirrors the other) 

  • Asymmetrical (informal) : Placing unequal visual weight on each side of a central vertical axis 

  • Radial: All the elements of floral design radiate or circle out from a common centra, point

  • Open: material throughout the design is more relaxed and unstructured with plenty of open areas. 

• Describe the golden rectangle, golden mean, and golden section. 

  • Rectangle: A rectangle with the sides in a ratio of 2 to 3

  • Mean: the division of a line, area, or object somewhere between 1/3 and 1/ 2 its length. (when placing ribbon place it between ⅓ and ½, not exactly at those points)

  • Section: The ratio of vase to flowers is 3 to 5, or roughly 5 to 8 for flowers to total height

• How do flowers, foliages, accessories, containers, and surroundings relate to scale and proportion? 

  • Containers- its size and shape helps determine the size and shape of the entire design 

  • Surroundings- size of the room in which the foral design will be placed in. floral bouquets should be scaled to their surroundings and viewing distances 

Ch. 10: See pp. 161-172: 

• What makes a flower or design element become a focal point?

  • Contrast is created 

• Where is a focal point located in a traditional arrangement?

  • Low in design near the container rim  

• What are various ways to create a focal point?

  • Location, Isolation, Accents, and Contrast  

• What is the simplest way to create a focal point?

  • Color contrast  

• What do line direction and directional facing refer to?

  • The direction the flowers are facing or pointing toward can be a tool to accent the floral area  

• What do isolation and framing refer to?

  • Design technique in which the perimeter of the design fully or partially encloses an area and focuses attention to its contents  

• What is rhythm in floral design?

  • Flow or movement characterized by the regular recurrence of elements or features. 

Ch. 11: See pp. 173-183: 

• Describe line, form, space, and depth as they relate to floral design. 

  • Line: can give distinction and impotence to your design, can express various moods and feelings by their direction, provides shape and structure, a pathway for the eyes to follow through arrangement 

  • Form: three dimensional aspect or shape

  • Space: distance or area between, around, above, below, or within forms

  • Depth: not a 2D or flat design

• What are actual, implied, and psychic lines? 

  • Actual: Plain to see, the eye can easily go from one place to another because it is following a real existing line.

  • Implied: provides a pathway for the eye to follow but no line actually exists. 

  • Psychic: one that does not exist yet we “feel” a line between two elements. 

• What do vertical, horizontal, curved, and diagonal lines suggest in design? 

  • Vertical: power and strength 

  • Horizontal: stress width rather than height they provide sense of stability

  • Curved: motion but in a softer, more comforting way.  

  • Diagonal: motion and excitement 

• What is directional facing? 

  • Facing or pointing flowers and objects in a certain way to form a line

• Is there an advantage to having many shapes/forms in one design?

  • More visually satisfying and can enhance the visual success of a floral design 

• What are form flowers? 

  • Flowers that can attract attention just by there odd or unique forms

• What are some ways to achieve increased visual depth?

  • Use of angled lines and the overlapping of objects (angled stems and overlapping flowers)  

• How do angling stems and overlapping materials help? 

  • angling gives a one sided design a more balanced look, overlapping and putting flowers on top or in front gives depth.

• What is emphasized when similar flowers are grouped?

  • FORM- various shapes within a composition are highlighted and differences in forms becomes more apparent (choose forms for matching question :)

Ch. 12: See pp. 184-191: 

• When is texture best noticed? 

  • When viewing a floral composition up close.

• How can texture be emphasized? 

  • The juxtaposition of varied and opposite surfaces.

• Smooth, reflective surfaces portray what? 

  • Wealth and high status

• In contrast, what do rough, dull surfaces suggest? 

  • Rustic 

• Why do spiky margins and various patterns suggest coarse texture? 

  • Although appearing perhaps insignificant, leaf margins can directly affect the overall texture of a floral bouquet. For example, at times jagged, indented, or serrated margins cause a leaf to appear coarse in texture when actually the leaf surface may be smooth

• What are the pros and cons to fragrance in floral design? 

  • Pros: Increases sensory pleasure, triggers memories thus can evoke happy memories 

  • Cons: String fragrances can overwhelm, especially in small spaces 

• Why should strong fragrances be avoided in hospital rooms?

  • Any fragrance can turn malodorous and become annoying if it is close and in a limited space

Ch. 13: See pp. 193-231:

•  Know about containers—functions, sizes, shapes, styles, colors, common materials, pros, & cons. 

  • Functions: Original made to store food and water, we now make specific containers to hold flowers. Opening must be the right size for the arrangement. It must be the right weight to hold the flowers. Needs to conceal mechanics.

  • Shapes & Sizes: Essential for unity. Should flow visually with the arrangement and complement it. 

  • Styles: Influences style and mood of the arrangement. Can set a theme

  • Colors: Should be compatible with the arrangement. Even if a container color is neutral, it might not harmonize with the flower colors, such as black with pastel flowers. Repetition of colors brings unity and harmony. Container texture must match with the flowers.

  • Common Materials:

    • Glass:

      • Pros: Common, affordable, versatile. Many shapes, sizes, and colors. High quality and elegance. 

      • Cons: Inner workings all visible. 

    • Plastic:

      • Pros: Many shapes, sizes, colors, and styles. Cheap and practically unbreakable. 

      • Cons: Need extra weight to hold flowers since they are lightweight. 

    • Baskets:

      • Pros: Many styles, shapes, sizes, and fiber combinations. Many colors and textures. Easily modifiable colors. Inherently charming. 

      • Cons: Stability problems, can’t naturally hold water. 

    • Ceramic:

      • Pros: Many styles and types. Variety of textures. Can emphasize many different themes. 

      • Cons: More expensive. 

    • Metal:

      • Pros: Formality and elegance. Many shapes, sizes, and styles. 

      •  Expensive. Need liners. 

• Which color from the color wheel is most versatile for containers? 

  • green (because it is on the color wheel)

• What does mechanics refer to? 

  • Methods of construction

• Know about foundation, natural stem grids, floral foam and the best way to soak, cut, and secure floral foam? 

  • Foundation: Helps flowers stay after being placed. 

  • Natural stem grids: Interlocking foliage and flower stems.

  • Floral foam: Holds water and flowers keeping stems in place.

    • Soak: Let it float freely in a bucket of clean floral food infused water. 

    • Cut: Use a knife. 

    • Secure: Put waterproof tape across the top.

• What is lacing? 

  • A natural stem grid

• What are pin holders? 

  • Has a heavy metal base with many closely spaced, sharp-pointed pins sticking upright

• Know about wire types, gauges, & uses. 

  • Wires:

    • Normal: Variety of uses. 

    • Covered: tying, accessorizing, and offering structural support. 

    • Aluminium & Flat: bright colors, strong and malleable, for structural work, like grids, bows, spirals, and other designs. 

    • Metallic & Bullion: Many colors, adds sparkle and shine, good for intricate work. 

    • Beaded: Adds glam and sparkle. Variety of colors and styles. 

    • Gauges: From #16 to #30, with the lower numbers being thicker.

• What are the pros & cons with using green enameled (painted) wire in floral arrangements? 

  • Pros: Isn’t difficult to disguise. Doesn’t rust as easily.

  • Cons: more expensive 

• Know about adhesives, tapes, clays, pins, picks, paints, sprays. What are popular accessories? 

  • Adhesives: keep  individual  parts  securely  anchored  and  in  place

  • Glue: 

    • Liquid: it is a type of rubber cement that will not harm or brown fresh flowers. it bonds quickly, safely, and easily with surfaces. it is fast-drying and waterproof.

    • Spray: these floral sprays are safe on and ideal for use with fresh flowers, foliage, moss, and floral foam. some spray glues are manufactured to help keep petals intact.

    • Pan-Melt:  will hold securely even with changes in moisture and temperature. When allowed to cool, the glue will harden in the pan, which can be stored until the next use. (Ideal for silk and dried flowers)

    • Glue Gun: can be easily applied with control and versatility to secure stems, ribbons, and other materials

  • Tapes:

    • Waterproof: ideal for securing wet foam to containers.

    • Adhesive dots/strips: combine the strength of glue adhesives with the convenience and ease of a tape.

    • Clear Tape:  used to make design grids at the top of vases and containers for the arrangement of flowers, as well as assist in other design needs.

    • Double-faced tape:  sticky on both sides and is temperature and moisture resistant. it is used in many design capacities, including securing

    • Floral Tape:  it will cling to itself as it is stretched. it is a paraffin-coated paper available in dark and light green, as well as a rainbow of colors.

  • Clays:  moisture resistant and can be used to attach and secure pin holders and anchor pins and other items that will be in water. in addition, it is commonly used to secure plastic liners within baskets.

  • Pins: 

    • Greening Pins:  U-shaped metal pins used to secure moss into foam

    • Anchor Pins:  used to help secure floral foam into a container

  • Picks: Used to secure and anchor items in floral designs. 

  • Paints: offer a way of subtly alter-ing the appearance of a flower, foliage, container, or ac-cessory.

  • Sprays: specialty  sprays  are  helpful  in  design work. Some of these are used to help lengthen the life of the flower or add luster to flowers, foliage, and acces-sories.

  • Popular Accessories: Ribbons

• What are the pros to satin acetate ribbon?

  • comes in a vast spectrum of col-ors and widths, and can be used in a number of ways. It is functional and the most cost-effective ribbon type. 

  • Its cheap!

• What are the most common ribbon widths and uses? 

  • #3: accent corsages, bridal bouquets, small plants and  planters,  bud  vases,  and  everyday  floral  arrange-ments.

  • #9: also used to accent corsages and bridal bouquets, as well as decorate plants in 6-inch pots or larger. It is also used in everyday designs, larger deco-rations, and presentation bouquets.

  • #40: works well in large designs, such as casket sprays and those placed on funeral easels, and other larger scale designs and decorations

• What are the 3 main types of candles? 

  • Votive, tapered, pillar

• Why are glowing lights used?

  • or evening events in buildings where real candles are not allowed due to fire hazards or outdoor events where wind and other elements may be a limiting factor.

Ch. 14: see pp. 232-245: 

• Why are flowers and foliages categorized by form/shape?

  • Flowers are classified in four easy to identify shapes or groups according to arranging purposes and how they function in a design. 

• Name the 4 categories. 

  • Line

  • Form

  • Mass

  • Filler 

• Describe each and how they function in a design. 

  • Line

    • Linear shape

    • Generally tall and long with several blossoms

    • Used to create height, width and depth, and create visual movement

    • Set the framework, shape and size of the arrangement

    • Sometimes called skeleton flowers

  • Form

    • Often tropical flowers

    • Defined shape with interest and texture

    • More expensive because they require more care (shipping is difficult)

    • Directional facing is easier because they maintain their shape

    • Distinctive shape, pattern and texture

    • Many leaves classified as form foliage also display unusual and exciting color variegation and patterns.

  • Mass

    • Solitary type flowers typically consisting of a single rounded flower head at the top

    • Quickly add bulk and weight to an arrangement

    • Important to vary flower color, size, spacing or depth

    • Can be used to cover up floral foam

  • Filler 

    • Multiple laterals, tangled, smaller/finer flowers

    • Good to fill space or create mood

    • Can be wispy and soft or grouped and solid

    • Complex branching systems of stems and tiny flowers

    • Smaller in size and scale

    • Used to fill in empty spaces, add accent and complete a design

    • Visually support other flowers

• Why do some flowers fit into several shape categories?

  • They can be classified in different ways depending on placement and function (ex. Bc of its long clean stem a tulip can be classified as a line flower when used alone to set up the shape of the design, but it could also serve as a filler flower when used to fill in and complete the design)

  • They can shift into other groups (ex. Closed tulips are mass flowers but after they open up they may reveal dynamic color patterns that draw attention and then are classified as form flowers) 

  • Factors such as the degree of openness of a blossom, the color value or intensity levels of a flower, interesting characteristics of texture or pattern, the spacing of flowers, the adjacent flowers, and the size of the flowers in proportion to the whole composition can all account for flowers being clas-sified in several groups

• Give examples of flowers/foliage/accessories in each category. 

  • Line

    • Delphinium

    • Pussy willow

    • Bells of Ireland

    • Stock

    • Gladiolus

    • Bear grass

    • Lily turf grass

    • Taper candles

    • Bamboo

    • Twigs

    • Feathers

    • Ribbon streamers 

  • Form

    • Bird of paradise

    • Lilies

    • Anthuriums

    • Monstera, calathea, and umbrella palm

    • Ti leaves

    • Croton

    • Angel’s wings

    • Peacock plant

    • Common accessories used with form flowers (page 238):

      • Sticks

      • Bamboo

      • Pods

      • Berries (raspberries or strawberries)

      • Fruit

      • Vegetables

  • Mass

    • Carnations

    • Roses

    • Chrysanthemums

    • Tulips

    • Leather leaf fern

    • Salal

    • Pittosporum

    • Camellia foliage

    • Novelty items

    • Plush toys

    • Candy

    • Seasonal or holiday decorations

  • Filler 

    • Baby’s breath

    • Heather

    • Berries (hypericum, huckleberry)

• When using all four shapes in one design, what is the typical order of arrangement and why?

  • Line first to create the framework for the design

  • Form second - they are the standout flower that draws the eyes

  • Mass third to quickly add bulk and weight to the arrangement

  • Filler last to fill any empty spaces

Ch. 15: See pp. 246-275; 

• American floral designs are a blending of what 2 diverse styles? 

  • Oriental and European

• What are factors that influence the final shape of a design? 

  • Placement and location, if the arrangement will be viewed from all sides or just one, the size and shape of the table where it will be placed, eyesight lines (will it block views), types of flowers wanted in the design, the container, and the purpose of the design 

• Name the basic shapes of arrangements. 

  • Line/Vertical

  • Topiary

  • Cone

  • S-Curve

  • C-Curve/Crescent

  • Horizontal

  • Fan

  • Asymmetrical

  • Circular

• What does framework refer to? 

  • The basic structure of a design

• What is first or foremost in determining the shape of the (unmade) design? 

  • Purpose/location

• Name the symmetrical triangle and the asymmetrical triangle designs. 

  • Symmetrical

    • Equilateral, isosceles, cone

  • Asymmetrical

    • Right triangle, scalene

• Which designs are classified as circular?

  • Round

  • cube

  • oval

  • Fan

  • topiary ball 

• Why are some called mass, while others line/curvilinear? 

  • Curvilinear places more emphasis on the curved lines of the arrangement, instead of the overall circular mass

• What is another name for a fan-shaped design? 

  • Radiating design

• What is a topiary ball or cone design? 

  • Topiary ball: perfectly round 3d sphere

  • Cone: perfect 3d isosceles cone shape 

• Many asymmetrical designs require much negative space for success, why? 

  • Without the negative space they would become a mass design or a symmetrical design

• Who is the S-shaped design named for, why? 

  • Hogarth because of a painting he made that featured the S-curve, or “line of beauty”

• What is the simplest vertical design called? 

  • Bud vase

• What is a stylized vertical design?

  • A design in a vertical container that has an emphasis or focal point at the base of the vase

Jeopardy:

• Floral ID (be able to ID photos)

  • Calla lily

  • Tulip

  • Dahlia

  • Peony

  • Spray daisy

• Inflorescence (be able to ID photos)

  • Raceme

  • Head flower

  • Spathe and spadix

  • Spike

  • Umbel

• Miscellaneous

  • TA names: Emma, Hannah, Sloane

  • Who lives in a pineapple under the sea? Spongebob

  • How many soccer players are on a field? 11

  • What is the smallest country? Vatican

  • What are babies born without? Kneecaps

• Things  You Should Know

  • What is a leaf’s edge called? Leaf margin

  • 3 types of candles: pillar, votive, taper

  • 3 ribbon sizes: 3, 9, 40

  • Most cost effective ribbon: satin acetate

  • What is the name of a leafless stem? Scapose

• Previous Chapters

  • Horizontal directions are more calming

  • What is an American style a blend of? Oriental and European

  • What is a dominant and strong color? Red

  • What is a color on the color wheel that blends well? Green

  • Adding white to make a hue is called… a tint