Vocab

  • facial feedback hypothesis

Unit 1

  • medial temporal lob damage → difficulty forming new memories and events shortly before the accident that caused the trauma

  • REM neurologically resembles awakeness b/c of dreaming → think diagram question

  • EEG measures general brain activity, fMRI is sections

Unit 2

  • heuristics → potential approaches to solving a problem

  • primacy: memorizing first items; recency: memorizing recent items → together create serial position effect

  • elaborative encoding → engaging in deeper processing = better memory

    • thinking about the meaning > rhyming

  • reliability, validity, standardization (validity = does the assessment measure what its supposed to measure?)

  • Models of Memory

    • multi-store model

    • working memory model

      • working memory would be separated into visual spatial sketchpad, phonological system, executive function section

    • levels of processing model of memory

      • shallow, intermediate, and deep of memories

  • Retroactive vs Proactive interference

    • Retroactive interference: new blocks old (RNO)

    • Proactive interference: old blocks new (PON)

  • Elaborative Rehearsal

    • information is practiced in ways that promote meaning

  • Maintenance Rehearsal

    • items in memory are repeated over and over

Unit 3

  • Piaget’s stages

    • sensorimotor

    • preoperational

    • concrete

    • formal

  • longitudinal study vs cross sectional

  • Linguistic relativity (how language affects perception)

  • Linguistic Overgeneralization

    • think of the “I eated” example

  • identity foreclosed - individuals prematurely commit to an identity, values, or career path

Unit 4

  • Fundamental attribution error

    • overemphasize personality-based explanations and underestimate situational factors

  • Elaboration Likelihood Model

    • Central route to persuasion

      • facts, data, logical arguments

    • Peripheral route to persuasion

      • attractiveness, celebrity endorsements, or emotions

      • superficial cues

  • Psychodynamic

    • uncovering unconscious, childhood-rooted patterns

  • Behavioral

  • Social-cognitive explanation for depression

    • cycle of negative life experiences are interpreted through faulty beliefs, pessimistic attributions, and rumination

Unit 5

  • prenatal flu → higher risk of schizophrenia for the child

  • agoraphobia

    • fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if a panic attack occurs

  • general adaptation syndrome model

    • alarm

    • resistance

    • exhaustion

  • broaden and build

    • accumulate positive emotions → increased personal resources → greater resiliency

  • diathesis-stress

    • individual’s susceptibility to mental/physical illness is due to predisposition and exposure to stressful life events

Practice Exam 1

  • types of disorders (anxiety, etc.)

    • anxiety disorders

    • somatoform disorders

    • dissociative

  • opponent-process vs trichromatic theory

    • opponent process → color pairs, afterimages

  • Erikson’s psychosocial stages

    • Trust vs Mistrust

    • Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

    • Initiative vs Guilt

    • Industry vs Inferiority

    • Identity vs Confusion

    • Intimacy vs Isolation

    • Generativity vs Stagnation

    • Integrity vs Despair

  • Relative size + monocular cues

    • distance is judged on how large image is on retina

  • iconic memory → visual

  • phonological loop → memorizing verbal info by repeating

  • Big Five Traits (OCEAN)

    • Openness (willingness to experience)

    • Conscientiousness (Thoughtfulness)

    • Extraversion

    • Agreeableness

    • Neuroticism (Emotional Stability/Reactivity)

  • DSM can create stigma

  • Reciprocal determinism

    • (personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior continuously interact and influence one another)

    • think a triangle that shows they are all interconnected and impact each other

  • prospective memory → allows someone to carry out future action

  • Individuals with an internal locus of control tend to be less depressed than individuals who have an external locus of control.

  • Law of Effect

    • A person is more likely to engage in a behavior more frequently when the behavior is followed by a positive result.

  • according to psychodynamic perspective → defense mechanisms help ot protect the ego

  • eustress → stress that motivates and helps people reach personal goals

  • GABA calms

  • latent learning → no reinforcement, and not immediately demonstrated

  • replication of a study is due to use of operational definitions

  • random selection → generalizability

  • hearing stereotypes can lead to internalization of beliefs associated with it

  • just-world phenomenon → people get what they deserve

  • behavioral perspective → think conditioning

  • perceptual set → prior experience and preconceived notions influence expectations and behaviors

Practice Exam 2

  • Superordinate goals

  • glial cells

    • nourishment and protection for neurons

  • ganglion cells

    • visual output to brain

  • activation synthesis

  • drive reduction

  • agonist vs antagonist

  • convergent vs divergent thinking

    • convergent → narrowing down

    • divergent → creativity

  • accommodation vs assimilation

  • coping types

    • problem focused coping

      • directly attacking stress

    • approach approach conflict

      • two different options

    • emotion focused coping

      • mitigating emotions

  • humanistic psych

  • animism

  • types of conflict (i.e. approach-avoidance conflict)

  • display rules, cognitive appraisal

  • prosopagnosia

  • top-down vs bottom-up processing

  • reflex arc (what’s involved)

    • both central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are involved

  • forgetting curve

  • displacement, sublimation, rationalization (defense mechanisms?)

  • behavioral vs cognitive psychology

  • instinctive drift

  • display rules

  • activation synthesis

  • drive-reduction theory

Practice Exam 3

  • achievement vs aptitude

  • eclectic treatment

  • top-down vs bottom-up processing

  • closure visual processing

  • what is included in gestalt?

  • relative deprivation

  • microsystem vs macrosystem

  • social desirability bias

  • false consensus

  • individualistic thinking

  • fidelity (Ethical guideline)

  • anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

    • anterograde: preventing formation of new memories

    • retrograde: loss of memories before incident

  • flashing → illusion of motion → phi effect

  • lesioning

  • threshold

  • reuptake

  • refractory period