Networks and Security Course Notes

Definition: IoT refers to a global framework of interconnected objects, people, systems, and resources that allow for the processing of information from both physical and virtual worlds.
Purpose: Enables advanced services by interconnecting various things using existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies.
Key Elements:
- Systems of interconnected people, objects, and IT platforms
- Pervasive data collection, smart networking, predictive analytics, and deep optimization
Standards Reference: ISO/IEC JTC1, ITU-TY.400/Y.2060, IEEE-SA IoT Ecosystem Study 2015

Trackable Objects: Items that can be tracked through unique identifiers.
Data Objects: Objects that generate or store data.
Interactive Objects: Objects that can communicate with users and/or other devices.
Smart Objects: Objects that can act independently or semi-independently, typically integrated with sensors/controllers.

1960: Development of radio frequency identification (RFID).
1969: First message sent over the Internet.
1989: The invention of the web by Tim Berners-Lee.
1999: Introduction of the term "Internet of Things" by Kevin Ashton.
2000: Production of the first smart refrigerator by LG.
2005: Emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSN).
2010: Ubiquitous smart devices.
2013: Introduction of 5G networks.
2016-2019: Increase in connectivity and use of smart devices in various sectors.
2020: Universalization of products based on IoT; expected growth in connected devices.
2025 Prediction: The smart home business economy expected to exceed $100 billion, with a projection of 75 billion internet-connected devices.

Projected Global Connected Devices:
  - 2003: 0.08 billion connected devices
  - 2010: 1.84 billion
  - 2015: 3.47 billion
  - 2020: 6.58 billion
  - 2025: Expected to reach 75 billion connected devices

Smart Home: Temperature control and energy optimization.
Industrial: Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication for quality control and optimization.
Automotive: Smart parking and traffic flow optimization.
Agriculture: Crop management, soil analysis, care for offspring.
Medical: Optimized patient care and quality data reporting with wearable devices.
Environmental: Forest fire detection and species tracking.
Retail: Inventory control and focused marketing strategies.

Cost: High initial and maintenance costs can hinder adoption.
Big Data Explosion: Managing and analyzing vast amounts of data generated from devices.
Security & Privacy: Protecting personal data and ensuring secure communications between devices.
Power Efficiency: Ensuring devices remain energy efficient.
Lack of Standards: Absence of universal standards can lead to compatibility issues between devices.

VANETs: A form of mobile ad-hoc networks specifically designed for vehicular communication, facilitating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and infrastructure-to-infrastructure (I2I) communications.

Components:
- Road-side Infrastructure Units (RSUs) with on-board processing and wireless communication capabilities.
Communication Method:
- Uses Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) operating in the 5.9 GHz band with a bandwidth of 75 MHz, allowing communication within a range of 300 meters.

Intelligent Transportation: Enhancements like collision avoidance and traffic condition monitoring.
Comfort Applications: Services that enhance passenger experience, such as in-vehicle infotainment.
Local Information Sharing: Traffic updates and cooperative driving.
Payment Services: Facilitation of transactions related to tolls or parking.

High Mobility: Vehicles moving at high speeds leading to rapid changes in network topology.
Dynamic Network Size: The size of the network changes based on the number of vehicles in an area.
Time Critical Communication: For applications like collision avoidance and traffic monitoring, timely information exchange is essential.

Network Infrastructure Model: Vehicles connect to centralized servers through road-side infrastructure (e.g., cellular base stations).
Inter-Vehicle Communication Model: Direct ad-hoc connectivity among vehicles for long or short-range communication purposes.
Hybrid Configuration: Combines V2V and V2I communications for enhanced connectivity.

Mobility and Scalability: Managing the number of vehicles and maintaining connections as vehicles move.
Traffic Management: Addressing congestion and collision challenges.
Delay Constraints: Ensuring communication happens quickly enough for safety-critical applications.
Vehicular Security: Protecting against malicious attacks targeting vehicular communications.

Current Network Limitations:
  - Specialized packet forwarding hardware and complex software operational demands.
  - Millions of lines of code make it hard to extend or adapt services quickly.
  - High energy consumption and inability to dynamically adjust to network demands.

Concept: An operating system for networks that allows centralized control enabling flexibility and dynamic resource allocation.
Components:
- Simplified packet forwarding hardware under the control of a network operating system.
- Protocols that interface with network elements for control and data flow adjustment.

2006: Initial proposal by Martin Casado at Stanford for centralized security control via SDN.
2008: OpenFlow project emerged, leading to its first specifications published in 2009.
Formation of the Open Networking Foundation in 2011 that fostered the growth of SDN applications across the industry.

Companies like Google, VMware, and IBM have developed products based on the OpenFlow protocol.
Collaborations with network hardware vendors have resulted in hybrid SDN solutions that maintain proprietary elements alongside OpenFlow.